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CO 2 Transport and Storage

CO 2 Transport and Storage. Photo: Mark Person. Controls on CO2 Flow and Transport. Must understand in order to understand CO2 storage CO 2 gas is miscible in other gasses Supercritical CO 2 is immiscible in water Fluid flow Pressure gradients from injection Natural hydraulic gradients

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CO 2 Transport and Storage

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  1. CO2 Transport and Storage Photo: Mark Person

  2. Controls on CO2 Flow and Transport • Must understand in order to understand CO2 storage • CO2 gas is miscible in other gasses • Supercritical CO2 is immiscible in water • Fluid flow • Pressure gradients from injection • Natural hydraulic gradients • Buoyancy • Strong in saline formations • Weaker in oil and gas reservoirs • CO2 will descend in gas reservoirs

  3. Controls on CO2 Flow and Transport (Continued…) • Diffusion • Dispersion • Dissolution into formation fluid • Significant amount (>30%) can go into solution • Moves with formation water at very slow rates (mm/yr) compared to separate phase flow • Water saturated with CO2 slightly denser • Mineralization

  4. Controls on CO2 Flow and Transport (Continued…) • Pore space (relative permeability) trapping • Important when multiphase • Depends on fluid viscosities • Wetting versus non-wetting phases (CO2 gas and supercritical are non-wetting) • Adsorption onto organic matter

  5. Residual Saturation Wetting fluid at residual saturation Non-wetting fluid at residual saturation Which do you expect for CO2/water? What questions do you have to ask to answer this?

  6. Storage Mechanisms • Structural stratigraphic trapping • Hydrodynamic (residual) trapping • Geochemical trapping

  7. Storage Mechanisms IPCC

  8. IPCC

  9. Structural and Stratigraphic Trapping • Traps created by: • Deformation (faults, folds) • Depositional characteristics (grain size changes)

  10. The most expensive dry hole in history • Mukluk well • Thought to contain 1.5 to 10 billion barrels of oil. • Mukluk structure leased in 1982 for $1.5 billion • Drilled in 1983 from a man-made island 350 feet in diameter, 69 ft above seafloor and required 1.25 million cubic yards of mined gravel • Cost of drilling $120 million

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