Defining Air Quality: The Standard-Setting Process

1. Defining Air Quality: The Standard-Setting Process Chapter 10

2. Air quality in the U.S. and other nations is defined through standards that set limits on _______________ pollutants • Anthropogenic pollutants are contaminants associated with human activity • Natural pollutants are those that come about through nonartificial processes in nature

3. 1. Overview of U.S. Air Quality Legislation • Early evolution • There were no nationalair quality laws until the Air Pollution Control Act of _____ • There was no truly comprehensive legislation until Clean Air Act of _____

4. Current U.S. Policy • 1990 _____________________ (CAAA) use some market-based approaches, but the underlying structure continues to be command-and-control oriented --signed by President George H. W. Bush on 11/15/1990 --the most comprehensive legislation in U.S. Congress history

5. http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/overview.txt The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 • Title I: Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of National Ambient Air Quality Standards • Title II: Provisions Relating to Mobile Sources • Title III: Air Toxics • Title IV: Acid Deposition Control • Title V: Permits • Title VI: Stratospheric Ozone and Global Climate Protection • Title VII: Provisions Relating to Enforcement

6. 2. Identifying Major Air Pollutants • ________ air pollutantsare substances known to be hazardous to health and welfare, characterized as harmful by criteria documents • ________ air pollutantsare noncriteria pollutants that may cause or contribute to irreversible illness or increased mortality air toxics; pose much greater risk; affect smaller segment of society

7. 6 Criteria Air Pollutants PM-10: particles with diameters of 10 micrometers or less • particulate matter (PM-10 and PM-2.5) • sulfur dioxide (SO2) • carbon monoxide (CO) • nitrogen dioxide (NO2) • tropospheric ozone (O3) • lead (Pb) ground-level ozone Criteria air pollutants are responsible for most of the air pollution

8. 3. Setting Standards to Define Air Quality • EPA sets national standards for the major air pollutants to be met by all polluting sources • ____________sources: fixed-site producers of pollution, such as a building or manufacturing plant • _________sources: any nonstationary polluting sources, including all transport vehicles

9. Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants • National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set maximum allowable concentrations of criteria air pollutants • Primary NAAQS are set to protect public health from air pollution, with some margin of safety • Secondary NAAQS are set to protect public welfare from any adverse, nonhealth effects of air pollution Include sensitive populations such as asthmatic children and the elderly

10. Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants • National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)are set to protect public health and the environment and are applicable to every major source of any identified hazardous air pollutant • Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) is the technology that achieves the reduction to be accomplished by the NESHAP

11. 4. Infrastructure To Implement the Standards: Two Key Elements • State Implementation Plan (SIP) • An EPA-approved procedure outlining how a _____ intends to implement, monitor, and enforce the NAAQS and the NESHAP • Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) • A federally-designated geographic area within which common air pollution problems are shared by ____________________

12. In 1972, it argued that NAAQS only regulated dirty areas. Clean areas were not protected and would be allowed to deteriorate. • In 1974, following a suit filed by the Sierra Club, AQCRs were reassessed to identify 3 types of regions: • Regions that met or exceeded the standards as Prevention of Significant Deterioration(PSD) areas • Regions not in compliance with the standards as nonattainment areas • Regions with insufficient data = nondegradation areas = already clean areas

13. FYI Monitoring Air Quality Across Regions • Estimating pollutant emissions levels • Best available engineering methods are used to derive annual emissions estimates for over 450 source categories • Measuring pollutant concentrations • Pollutant concentration levels are measured at air-monitoring station sites located throughout the country • Most of these sites are in urban regions • Reported to the EPA via an air-monitoring network

14. 5. Analysis of U.S. Air Quality PolicyEvaluation Criteria • Equity criterion • __________________________ • In 1993, environmental justice became one of the EPA’s seven guiding principles • Economic criterion • ______________________ • Arises where marginal social costs (MSC) and marginal social benefits (MSB) are equal

15. 6. Benefit-Cost Analysis of 1990 Policy Portney’s analysis: • Offers a point estimate for MSB of $14 billion and a point estimate for MSC of $32 billion annually • Since MSC far outweighs MSB, it might be that Titles II through V of the 1990 Amendments _________________ society

16. Inefficiency Graphing Portney’s Findings MSC 32 $1990 billions 14 MSB 0 AE A1990 Abatement

17. EPA’s Analysis: • In its final report to Congress, the EPA estimates that the present value of _______________ associated with Titles I through V of the 1990 CAAA for the 1990 to 2010 period is $510 billion ($1990) • EPA’s quantitative results, though recognized as based on sound methods and data, are considered to be controversial on a number of fronts • Discussed in Freeman (2002) and Krupnick and Morgenstern (2002)

18. FYI 7. Analysis of NAAQSTwo Potential Sources of Inefficiency • No cost considerations in standard-setting -NAAQS are solely benefit-based -Economic feasibility is not explicitly considered -Primary standards include “margin of safety” • Uniformity of the standards -NAAQS are nationally based, ignoring regional cost or benefit differences (e.g. different pollution levels, access to technology, demographics, etc.)