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LOGIC: Lesson 2

LOGIC: Lesson 2. Structure of Logical English Types of Statements. What are the two parts of a sentence? SUBJECT and PREDICATE SUBJECT- tells us what the sentence is about PREDICATE – tells us something about the subject Some students are intelligent. Some students are intelligent.

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LOGIC: Lesson 2

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  1. LOGIC: Lesson 2 Structure of Logical English Types of Statements

  2. What are the two parts of a sentence? • SUBJECT and PREDICATE • SUBJECT- tells us what the sentence is about • PREDICATE – tells us something about the subject • Some students are intelligent.

  3. Some students are intelligent.

  4. Some students are intelligent. • students= subject (S) • intelligent= predicate (P) • These are two terms of a logical sentence.

  5. Some students are intelligent. • What about ‘some’? • ‘Some’ is a quantifier. (Q) • It tells us how much. • In logical English, we use ‘all,’ ‘some,’ or ‘no.’ • We can also say: • All students are intelligent. • No students are intelligent.

  6. Somestudents are intelligent. • So now we have: • Subject: students. • Predicate: intelligent. • Quantifier: Some.

  7. Some students are intelligent. • What is ‘are’? • ‘Are’ tells us the relationship between ‘Some students’ and ‘intelligent.’ It links them. • We call this a copula. (Copula is Latin for tie or connection).

  8. Some students are intelligent. • The copulas we use can be positive or negative. • ‘is’ and ‘is not’ • ‘are’ and ‘are not’ • We can also say: • Some students are not intelligent.

  9. Somestudentsareintelligent. • So now we have: • Quantifier: Some • Subject: students • Copula: are • Predicate: intelligent

  10. Exercises • Name the quantifier, subject, copula, and predicate in the following sentences: • All whales are mammals. • Some firemen are brave. • No politicians are honest. • Some candy is not good for you.

  11. Part 2: Types of Statements All statements in logical English must have one of the following forms. If not, it must be converted to one of the following: All S are P. All dogs are brown. No S are P. No dogs are brown. Some S are P. Some dogs are brown. Some S are not P. Some dogs are not brown.

  12. Each of these statements have a name for convenience. A All S are P. All dogs are brown. E No S are P. No dogs are brown. I Some S are P. Some dogs are brown. OSome S are not P. Some dogs are not brown

  13. How to remember AEIO • The traditional basis of these names come from Latin. • AffIrmo (‘I affirm.’) nEgO(‘I negate/deny’) • All S are P (A) No S are P. (E) • Some S are P (I) Some S are not P. (O)

  14. Quantity • All S are P (A) and No S are P (E) refer to all or none of the objects of a set. • We call this universal. • Some S are P (I) and Some S are not P (O) refer to only some of a set. • We call this particular.

  15. Quality. • Quality refers to whether the copula is affirmative or negative. • All S are P (A)and Some S are P (I) = affirmative. • No S are P (E) and Some S are not P (O) = negative.

  16. Exercises: • Identify the form (A,E,I,O) of the following sentences: • No farmers are lazy. • (E) • Some sports teams are overrated. • (I) • Some teachers are not race-car drivers. • (O) • All scientists are precise thinkers. • (A)

  17. Converting the form • What about this sentence? • Every student loves ice cream. • Remember, we have to convert it to one of the following: • All S are P, No S are P, Some S are P, or Some S are not P.

  18. Conversion • Every (Q) • Student (S) • ??? (C) • loves ice cream (P) • Convert ‘every student’ to ‘all students’ • We need a copula. Is the quality of this statement positive or negative? • All students are… lovers of ice cream.

  19. THE END ?

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