Etruscan and Roman Art

1. Etruscan and Roman Art Review for Midterm

3. A: Agesander, Athenodoros, and Polydorus of Rhodes T: Laocoon and his Sons D: 25 B.C. M: Marble

4. Extra Credit • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors#The_Principate

5. 1 - entablature 2 - column 3 - cornice 4 - frieze 5 - architrave or epistyle 6 - capital (composed of abacus and volutes) 7 - shaft 8 - base 9 - stylobate 10 - stereobate

6. During the Monarchy Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the date of the city’s foundation by Romulus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus. • The Republic lasted from the expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus until the bestowing of the title Augustus on Octavian, the grandnephew of Julius Caesar and victor over Mark Antony in the Civil War that ended the Republic. • The Early empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio-Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dynasty. • The High Empire began with the rule of Nerva and the Spanish Emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and ended with the last of the Antonine Dynasty. • The Late Empire began with the Severan dynasty and included the so-called soldier emperors of the third century, the tetrarchs, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor.

7. Model • 6th Century B.C. • Etruscan Temple

8. Apulu • 510 – 500 • Painted terracotta • Almost 6 ft!

9. Capitoline Wolf

10. Capitoline Wolf • Rome, 500 – 480 B.C. • Became symbol of the city of Rome, has Romulus and Remus suckling at the Wolf, later addition by Antonio Pollaiuolo. It is a 3 foot tall bronze. Romulus founds Rome in 750 B.C., and this is made in Rome 250 years later. Shows two major Etruscan themes: strength and vitality, shown by the glaring eyes, snarling face and general ferocity of the wolf, and she is giving her life power to the twins symbolically showing the Etruscans as fierce and dangerous as well. The stylized repeating motifs of hair is a major similarity to the Greek geometric style.

11. Similar?

12. Romans believed that the head alone was enough to constitute a portrait. • The Greek, in contrast, believed that the head and body were inseparable parts of an integral whole, so there portraits were always full length. • Portrait busts were often modeled on a wax death mask. • They capture the advanced age and wisdom of the subject. • Reinforces the idea of the Republic by depicting the virtue of older citizens.

13. Head of a Roman Patrician • 75 – 50 B.C. • Marble • Portrait Bust

14. A Young Flavian Woman • c. 90 A.D. • Marble • Portrait Bust

16. Ara Pacis • Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman peace") was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force experienced by the Roman Empire in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD. Since it was established by Caesar Augustus it is sometimes called Pax Augusta. Its span was about 207 years (27 BC to 180 AD).

17. Imperial Procession

18. Dedicated on Livia’s birthday in 9 B.C. • Reconstructed during Mussolini’s fascist era. • Procession of the Imperial family echoes the Panathenaic procession. • Note the realism of children. • Augustus enacted laws to increase the birthrate amongst the Roman nobility. • Logically, nobles shown with their families. • Note the realism within folding clothes.

19. Augustus of Prima Porta

20. Breastplate • Early first century A.D. • Cupid signifies divinity. • Julian dynasty traced their ancestry to Venus. • Barefoot and god-like.

21. The Roman Villa

22. House of the Vettii • 2nd century B.C. • Rebuilt 62-79 A.D.

23. Samnite House Herculaneum • First Style • Late 2nd Century B.C. • Buon Fresco on Stucco

25. Dionysiac Mystery Frieze • Second Style • Buon Fresco • ca. 60-50 B.C. • Illusion

26. Gardenscape, Villa of Livia • Second Style • Buon Fresco • 30-20 B.C. • Atmospheric Perspective

28. Third Style – Boscotrecase Villa • Elegance is key • Maximizes decorative qualities through use of architectural and pictorial motifs in frescoes • A style of “…delicate linear fantasies…” • 10 B.C.

29. Fourth Style, Domus Aurea, 64-68 A.D. Seamless mix of architecture and illusion creates unnatural spaces/impossibly fragmentary architectural vistas…

31. House of the Vettii 63 – 79 A.D. !!!Preceding slide as well!!!

33. Portrait of Husband and Wife, Pompeii, 79? She is depicted with stylus and wax tablet, he has a scroll….how did they wish to bee seen?

34. Still Life With Peaches, 62 – 79, Herculaneum Nature Morte = Still Life

35. For some unknown reason, there are no more frescoes after 79 A.D.

36. Roman Architecture • The Forum • At the center of Roman cities was a big open space called the Forum. People met there to do business, to sell and buy things, to see their friends, to find out about the news, and even to go to school. Usually the Forum had stone pavement, and around the edges there were fancy buildings: temples, and basilicas, and sometimes stores (shops). In some cities the Forum had a platform in it that people could stand on to make speeches. This platform was called the Rostra.

37. The Arch • A masonry arch1. Keystone 2. Voussoir 3. Extrados 4. Impost 5. Intrados 6. Rise 7. Clear span 8. Abutment

38. Vaults • A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. The barrel vault is the simplest form of a vault: effectively a series of arches placed side by side, i.e., one after another.

39. Arcades • An arcade is a succession of arches, each counterthrusting the next, supported by columns or piers or a covered walk enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians.

40. Groin Vault • A groin vault or groined vault (also sometimes known as a double barrel vault or cross vault) is produced by the intersection at right angles of two barrel vaults. The word groin refers to the edge between the intersecting vaults; cf. ribbed vault. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round (see the image of the Gårdslösa Church below). In comparison with a barrel vault, a groin vault provides good economies of material and labour. The thrust is concentrated along the groins or arrises (the four diagonal edges formed along the points where the barrel vaults intersect), so the vault need only be abutted at its four corners.

41. Where is the thrust?

42. Pont du Gard

43. Temple of Portunus • Late 2nd Century B.C. • Note stylistic similarities to Etruscan Architecture • What is distinctly Roman?

45. Compare

46. Pilaster • The pilaster is an architectural element in classical architecture used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. In contrast, an engaged column or buttress can support the structure of a wall and roof above.

47. Roman Colosseum • Built by Vespasian and his son Titus. • 80 A.D. • Design comes from Greek outdoor theaters, this one obviously embellishing the size of these theaters, this being called an amphitheater, which is invented by the Romans. • The building itself becomes flatter as it rises up, causes the eye to move upward itself and view the whole building at once. • This is one of the first buildings ever to use a concrete core to stabilize the structure. The Pantheon later on also accomplishes this feat. • Constructed to hold athletic events, specifically gladiatorial events. It was built over what was once a pond, and it was designed to hold water, so it could be flooded and used to hold naval battles as events as well. • A built in drainage system allowed for easy cleanup of blood and water.

48. Roman Colosseum • The entire exterior is a series of arcades, or connecting arches, with entablatures and engaged column work going up three stories in height. Each floor represents one style of architecture, moving from the oldest and less intricate on the ground floor (Doric) to the newest and most detailed (Corinthian) on the third floor (with Ionic in the middle on the second floor). This shows the ascension of Roman Architecture over time, from a minimal style to an elaborate style. • This became a Roman style for the next few centuries, with the simpler styles occupying the bottom floors and the more elaborate styles occupying the top floors of Roman buildings.

49. Roman Colosseum

50. Roman Colosseum