1 / 27

TWIN PREGNANCY

TWIN PREGNANCY. DR ANSAM AL AMAJALI FETOMATERNAL CONSULTANT KSMC. Definition (Multi-fetal Gestation) MULTIPLE PARITY        -Twins (two babies)            -Monozygotic(Division of 1 ova fertilized by the same sperm)            - Dizygotic (Fertilization of 2 ova by 2 sperm)    

hawa
Download Presentation

TWIN PREGNANCY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. TWIN PREGNANCY DR ANSAM AL AMAJALI FETOMATERNAL CONSULTANT KSMC

  2. Definition (Multi-fetal Gestation) MULTIPLE PARITY        -Twins (two babies)            -Monozygotic(Division of 1 ova fertilized by the same sperm)            -Dizygotic(Fertilization of 2 ova by 2 sperm)            -Triplets (three babies)        -Quadruplets (four babies) I

  3. Incidence •Twins - 1 in 100 births     –African Americans: 1 in 70 –Caucasians: 1 in 88 –Japanese: 1 in 150 –Chinese: 1 in 300 •Triplets are about 1 in 7,500 births •Quadruplets are about 1 in 650,00 births

  4. Predisposing Factors •Maternal age and parity •Maternal height and weight •Genetic and racial factors •Prior use of oral contraceptive agents •Social class •Seasonality

  5. Causes of Multiple Gestation •Spontaneously •In Vitro fertilization –Intrauterine insemination –Assisted Hatching –GIFT, ZIFT –Frozen Embryo Transfer, Blastocyte Embryo Transfer •Fertility Drugs –Clomiphene citrate (clomid, serrophene) –Gonadotropins (GonalF, follistim, humagon)

  6. Twins •Dizygotic twins    (66% of US twins) –Dichorionic – separate chorion (placenta) –Diamniotic – separate amnion (amniotic sac)

  7. •Monozygotic twin (33% of US twins) Ova division: •< 72 hours: Dichorionic, diamniotic •4-8 days:  Monchorionic, diamniotic •8-13 days: Monochorionic, monoamniotic •> 13 days: conjoined twins

  8. Conjoined Twins •Craniopagus •Pygopagus •Thoracopagus •Cephalopagus •Epholothoracopagus •Craniopagus •Pygopagus •Thoracopagus •Cephalopagus •Epholothoracopagus

  9. Average age of gestation Number of babies                  Weeks of Gestation        1                40 weeks        2                35 1/2 weeks        3                33 weeks        4                29 ½ weeks               http://www.bestdoctors.com/en/conditions/g/gestation/gestation_100200.htm

  10. Peripartum Complications •Prematurity-major cause of neonatal death            50% of twins            90% of triplets and higher •Spontaneous abortion •Increased anomalies •Cord Prolapse •IUGR, discordant growth •Intracranial Hemorrhage •Locked Twins        Description: Twins lock heads        1st twin breech, 2nd twin vertex

  11. Problems of Prematurity •HMD/BPD •Pneumothorax •Apnea •ICH •CP •Blindness/Retinopathy •LBW •PDA •Hypertension/Hypotension

  12. Problems of Prematurity •Bradycardia •Anemia •Hyperbilirubinemia •NEC •Metabolic disorders •Hypothermia •HIE •Hypotonia •Infections

  13. Neonatal Management (Multiple Gestation) •Team for each fetus •Examine for prematurity and IUGR •Examine for congenital anomalies •Determine zygosity, examine placenta •Assess family support

  14. In ICN •RDS •Apnea/Asphyxia •Hct and BP •Wt difference •NEC •Head Sono + •Glucose •Blood typing

  15. Second Twin Risks •Asphyxia due to premature separation of placenta •Fetus papyraceous        -twin fetus that died in utero, become flattened and mummified •Fetal transfusion Syndrome        Placental AV shunt in monozygotic twins (~15%)        Arterial twin pumps blood to other twin, starves self        Other twin is bulky and plethoric •Operative or difficult delivery

  16. Monozygotic twins (physical characteristics) •Same sex •Features alike, including teeth and ears •Hair identical •Eyes same color and shade •Skin same texture and color •Hands and feet same conformation and same size •Anthropometric values closely agree

  17. Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome •Monozygotic twins share one placenta •1 placenta causes one baby to receive more blood . •One baby (donor) smaller and other larger. •Larger baby: excess urine, polyhydramnios. •Donor stops producing urine, oligohydramnios. •This can lead to pre-term delivery (~24 weeks).

  18. Problems for Monoamnionicity Rare < 1% . •Mortality 20-50%. •Cord entanglement. •Perinatal mortality. •Preterm Delivery. •Growth restriction. •Congenital anomalies. •Conjoined twins  Siamese twins * Anterior (thoracopagus). * Posterior (pygopagus). * Cephalic (craniopagus). * Caudal (ischopagus).

  19. Problems for Monoamnionicity • 1.Acardiac twins (Reversed-Arterial Perfusion TRAP). • * rare 1:3500 births. • large A-A placental shunt between umbilical arteries in early • embryogenesis,  • 75% monochorionic, diamniotic.  • 25% monochorionicmonoamniotic.

  20. Maternal Complication 1.Acute fatty liver. 2.Anemia. 3.Abnormal placentation. 4.Amniotic fluid volume abnormalities. 5.Preeclampsia. 6.Operative vaginal delivery and C-section. 7.Premature rupture of membrane. 8.Postpartum hemorrhage. 9.Umbilical cord prolapse.  

  21. Prevention (Multiple Gestation) •Moniter treatment with fertility drugs •Limit embryos transferred during IVF •Counseling risks and long-term sequelae • Fetal reduction if not against religion

  22. Management 1.Antenatal. 2.In Labor. Antenatal Management ●Early diagnosis (mainly by ultra sound) ●Adequate nutrition:- 1- Caloric consumption increased by 300 Kcal per day. 2- Iron 60-100 mg per day. 3- Folic acid 1mg per day. ●Frequent prenatal visit:- observe maternal and fetal complications 1- Frequent ultra sound  fetal growth, congenital anomalies, amniotic fluid.   2- Doppler. 3- BPP.

  23. In Labor Management ●Trained obstetrical attendant. ●Available blood. ●Good access I.V live. ●CTG monitoring. ●Anesthetist  ER C-S ●Pediatrician for each fetus. ●Mode of delivery depend on presentation.

  24. Presentation ☻Cephalic - Cephalic 42% ☻Cephalic - Breech 27% ☻Cephalic - Transverse 18% ☻Breech - Breech 5% ☻Other 8% Management in First stage                       Second stage                       Third stage (PPH)

  25. In Labor Management ●Ceph-ceph: NVD ●Ceph –non ceph: contraversy. ●Breech:cordprolaps,Headtrappe,Lockedtwin:c/s. ●Second twin: 10 min and no contraction. ●Non fixed p.p :abdominal manipulation ●Second twin:internalpudalic version. ●Irregular FHR,VB,larger,Bx, Trans ,contract Cx: C/S                                           .

  26. In Labor Management ●Trained obstetrical attendant. ●Available blood. ●Good access I.V live. ●CTG monitoring. ●Anesthetist  ER C-S ●Pediatrician for each fetus. ●Mode of delivery depend on presentation.

More Related