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1. Compass traverse The compass traverse is commonly used in forestry
http://www.cfr.msstate.edu/studentorgs/saf/conclave/RULES/compass.htm
One of the greatest expeditions of exploration in history used compass traverses as their primary mapping tools.
http://www.edgate.com/lewisandclark/mapping_on_trail.html
4. The Compass provides accurate measurement of angles.
5. Orienteering compass
6. Orienteering as a sport.
7. A compass does not always point north!
9. measuring distance with the human body
10. OTHER TOOLS FOR MEASURING DISTANCE: The survey chain, 33 or 66 feet long, forged iron (fair dimensional stability) THE tool for original survey work.
11. Tape Tape measures, made possible by the development of new materials, mylar or steel strips. Tapes are accurate, and awkward.
12. Measuring wheel
13. Parallax range finder
14. Laser Range finder
the big time. Highly accurate, no problems with dimensional stability, the basis for modern survey practice! Send a laser pulse to a target and measures the time required to for the reflection to return to the observer.
15. The laser total station
16. The laser total station combines a laser based distance measuring device with a highly accurate device to measure angles (vertical and horizontal)
The total station can convert all field observations into a data file which can be downloaded directly into a computer mapping application.