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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Chemical & Physical Feature of the Ocean. Atom. The smallest particle an element can be divided into & maintain properties Building block of matter. Molecule. A group of atoms chemically combined that can exist by itself CO 2. Ion. Charged particle Cl -1. Polyatomic Ion.

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Chemical & Physical Feature of the Ocean

  2. Atom • The smallest particle an element can be divided into & maintain properties • Building block of matter

  3. Molecule • A group of atoms chemically combined that can exist by itself • CO2

  4. Ion • Charged particle • Cl-1

  5. Polyatomic Ion • A group of atoms chemically combined that together have a charge • CO3-2

  6. Bond • A strong attraction between atoms that hold compounds together • Ionic, covalent & metallic

  7. Hydrogen Bond • The weak attraction between hydrogen & a highly electronegative(EN) element when the hydrogen is bound to another EN element

  8. Hydrogen Bonds • H-bonds hold one molecule to another

  9. Water • A small molecule made up of two hydrogen atoms covalently bound to one oxygen • H2O

  10. Properties of Water • Exist in all 3 phases on Earth • Very high MP & BP for size • Very high heat capacity • Very high Heat of Fusion

  11. Very high Heat of Vaporization • Holds heat well • Very good solvent • Transparent • Solid phase (ice) less dense than the liquid phase

  12. Salinity • The amount of salts dissolved in sea water

  13. Salts • Ionic compounds or the ions that dissolve in water • NaCl • K2SO4

  14. Solvation • The process of a substance dissolving • Also called dissociation

  15. Average Salinity • 3.5 % or 3.5 parts per 100 • 35 %o or 35 ppt • Cl-1 = 19 %o • Na+1 = 11 %o

  16. Other Water Properties • As salinity increases, density increases • As temperature increases, density decreases • Pressure increases with depth

  17. Thermocline • The location in the water column where the temperature of water declines rapidly

  18. Motion of the Ocean

  19. Coriolis Effect • Due to the rotation of the Earth, fluids tend to veer to form cyclic patterns

  20. Northern Hemisphere: Water veers right to make clockwise cycles • Southern Hemisphere: Water veers left to make counter-clockwise cycles

  21. Convection Currents • Fluids form cyclic flowing patterns due to heat differences • Warm air rises & displaces cooler air which drops

  22. Coriolis Effect if a cannon were fired northward from a point on the Equator, the projectile would land to the east of its due north path because the projectile was moving eastward faster at the Equator than was its target farther north.

  23. All of the Earth’s weather patterns are caused by convection currents the Coriolis Effect and rotational forces.

  24. Trade Winds • Winds that tend to blow in the same direction all the time • Easterlies: wind from east

  25. Gyres • Ocean-wide cyclic surface circulation patterns caused by wind friction & Coriolis Effect

  26. Oceanic Gyres • Huge clockwise cycles in the northern hemisphere • Huge counter-clockwise cycles in the south

  27. Waves • A form of energy transfer • Crest: highest point • Trough: lowest point

  28. Wavelength • The distance between corresponding points • Crest to crest

  29. Period • The time it takes for one wave to pass

  30. Surface Wave • The recognizable wave we see in the ocean • Caused by wind

  31. Wave Height • Determined by wind speed, fetch, and wave reinforcement

  32. Fetch • The distance in which winds flow over the water in the same direction

  33. Wave Reinforcement • When the crests of two or more waves flow simultaneously the height of the wave would be the addition of the two

  34. Seismic Waves • Waves caused by geological activity (earthquakes) • Tsunamis • Tidal waves

  35. Tides • Rhythmic pattern of the rising & falling of the water level in the ocean

  36. Cause of Tides • Gravitational pull of the moon on the Earth • Gravitational pull of the sun on the Earth • Spinning of the Earth

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