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Instruments in Nuclear Medicine

Instruments in Nuclear Medicine. Department of Nuclear Medicine Renji Hospital. Principle of Detection of Radiation. Ionization Excitation Chemical mechanism Annihilation radiation. Detector. Ionization detector Scintillation detector. In vitro radioassay.

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Instruments in Nuclear Medicine

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  1. Instruments in Nuclear Medicine Department of Nuclear Medicine Renji Hospital

  2. Principle of Detection of Radiation • Ionization • Excitation • Chemical mechanism • Annihilation radiation

  3. Detector • Ionization detector • Scintillation detector

  4. In vitro radioassay • γcounter ( well-type γcounter) • βcounter ( liquid scintillation counter)

  5. Radionuclide Imaging scintillation scanner PET SPECT γ camera

  6. γ Camera γ camera collimator crystal photomultiplier pulse height analyzer electric element

  7. Computed Tomography (CT) Computed Tomography （CT） Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Emission Computed Tomography (ECT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Transmission Computed Tomography (TCT)

  8. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography • Filtered backprojection, FBP • Quality Control (QC) on SPECT imaging • Field uniformity and correction • Determination and correction of center of rotation • X and Y gain calibration pixels • QC of collimator • etc.

  9. SPECT

  10. SPECT

  11. SPECT

  12. SPECT

  13. SPECT

  14. How PET Works • A short-lived radioactivesubstance such as 18F is injected into the bloodstream as glucose The • Radionuclides decay by emitting a positron, which would annihilate with an electron in the tissue to produce gamma rays • Gamma rays fly off in oppositedirections into the detectors. enables the location of the original electron to be pinpointed

  15. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

  16. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

  17. Micro PET / CT

  18. Fusion of Images • PET-CT • SPECT-CT • PET-MRI • SPECT-MRI

  19. Fusion of Images Image Fusion with CT

  20. Fusion of Images Image Fusion with MR

  21. Radiopharmaceutical Radiopharmaceuticals have been defined as products labeled with one or several radioactive atoms, which are used for the purpose of diagnosis or therapy Iodine-131, 131I and Xenon-133, 133Xe, etc 99mTc-ECD, 99mTc-HSA, 99mTc-MAA, 99mTc-RBC, etc

  22. Production of Radionuclides • Reactor-produced radionuclide A-1 ZX + n A-1ZX + γ 133Xe, 99Mo, 131I, etc • Cyclotron-produced radionuclide beta-plus decay; electron capture decay 201Tl, 67Ga, 123I, 111In, 18F, 11C, etc • Generator-produced radionuclides 68Ga, 99mTc, 113mIn

  23. Properties of the Ideal Diagnostic Radiopharmaceutical • Type of emission pure gamma-ray emitter, decaying by either electron capture or isomeric transition • Energy 100kev~250kev • Availability • Target-to-nontarget ratio • Effective half life

  24. Properties of the Ideal Therapeutic Radiopharmaceutical • Type of emission pure beta-minus emission • Energy (β emitter >1MeV) • Target-to-nontarget ratio • Effective half life

  25. Positron Radiopharmaceutical • Positron nuclides 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, 62Cu, 68Cu, 82Rb, 75Br, 38K, 73Se, 94mTc • Positron Radiopharmaceutical 18FDG, 6- [18F]-L-DOPA, 11C-DOPA, 18F-MET, 11C-Tyr, 18F-FLT, etc

  26. QA of Radiopharmaceutical • Radionuclide purity • Radiochemical purity • Chemical purity • Sterility • Apyrogenicity • Absence of foreign particulate matter • Particle size (if appropriate) • pH • Biological distribution

  27. Review • What is radiopharmaceutical? • What is SPECT? • What is PET? How it works?

  28. Review • What properties should ideal diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceutical have? • Where are radionuclides producted from? • What aspects does QA involve using radiopharmaceutical?

  29. Thank You!

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