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Sustainable Energy: Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technologies

This article discusses the importance of integrating carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies into energy conversion systems for achieving sustainable energy and environmental goals.

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Sustainable Energy: Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage Technologies

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  1. 지속가능 에너지를 위한 탄소 포집, 이용 및 저장기술 Towards Sustainable Energy : Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Ah-Hyung Alissa Park Departments of Earth and Environmental Engineering & Chemical Engineering Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy Columbia University ULTRA August 9th, 2012

  2. Coal-fired Build Rate: China and United States Source: http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/refshelf/ncp.pdf

  3. Energy, Economic Growth and Quality of Life EIA Data 2009 Source: http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/refshelf/ncp.pdf

  4. Towards Sustainable Energy and Environment Use domestic energy sources to achieve energy independence with environmental sustainability Wind , Gasoline Hydro Diesel Geo Recycled CO2 Jet Fuel Synthesis Refining Nuclear Gas Ethanol Solar Heat Carbon Fossil Electricity DME Hydrogen Biomass Municipal Use carbon neutral energy sources Solid Wastes Chemicals Fossil fuels are fungible… Integrate carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies into the energy conversion systems Methanol Stored CO2

  5. Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage Technologies (CCUS) • Required characteristics for CCS • Capacity and economic feasibility • Environmental benign fate • Long term stability Utilization Capture Storage Carbon Capture Technologies (NETL, 2011) • MEA Challenges • Corrosion and solvent degradation • High capital and operating costs • High parasitic energy penalty (NETL, 2010)

  6. Solid Sorbents & Chemical Looping Technologies Carbonation / Calcination cycle Oxidation / Reduction cycle Water-Gas Shift: CO + H2O  H2 + CO2 KIER’s 100kW CLC system (2006-2011) MO + CO2 MCO3 MCO3  MO + CO2 MO + CO  M + CO2 M + H2O  MO + H2 Micro- vs. Mesopores e.g., Chemical Looping process for H2 production (Ohio State Univ.: U.S. Patent No. 11/010,648 (2004)) e.g., ZECA process (Los Alamos National Lab)

  7. Novel CO2 Capture Solvents (2011 & 2012 NETL CO2 Capture Technology Meeting) • Carbonic Anhydrase (Enzyme) • Phase changing absorbents • Ionic liquids • CO2BOLs • Liquid-like Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials

  8. Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials (NOHMs) • Solvent-free liquid-like hybrid systems • Solvent tethered to nanoparticle cores • Zero-vapor pressure and improved thermal stability • Tunable chemical and physical properties • Liquid, solid, gel • Solvation in NOHMs driven by both entropic and enthalpic interactions • Straightforward synthesis • Easy to scale up Zero Vapor Pressure+ Tunable Properties

  9. Design and Synthesis of liquid-like NOHMs • NOHM-C-HPE-POSS • * POSS = Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane NOHM-I-HPE (or NOHM-I-PEG) NOHM-C-HPE and NOHM-C-MPE PEG “PEG”: polyethylene glycol “PE”: polyetheramine “PEI”: polyethyleneimine “H”: high, “M”: moderate,and “t”: tertiary Covalent Ionic NOHM-I-PEI NOHM-I-tPE Improved Thermal Stability Temp Swing from 20 ºC to 120/140 ºC 140ºC NOHMs 120ºC 140ºC ~80% Unbound polymer 120ºC

  10. Ordered and Frustrated Corona? Pure Polymer NOHMs : 1H ROE signal marker canopy AFM Images Less ROE signals Significantentanglement TEM Images 2D ROESY (Rotating-frame Overhauser Effect SpectroscopY) NMR This technique enables identification of through-space interactions (presence of off-diagonal peaks) Y. Park, J. Decatur, K.-Y A. Lin, A.-H. A. Park, PCCP 2011

  11. Polymer band CO2 stretching CO2 bending Polymer band O=C=O O=C=O O=C=O CO2 Capture Mechanisms ATR FT-IR spectra of NOHMs + CO2 CO2 bending mode (2) CO2 in vapor PCO2 = 3.5 MPa PCO2 = 3.5 MPa 0 − 55 bar • A loss of double degeneration of the CO2 bending mode (n2) is observed upon exposure to CO2 • This feature is related to the presence of Lewis acid-base interactions between CO2 and the ether groups SiO2 Lewis acid-base interactions Y. Park, J. Decatur, K.-Y A. Lin, A.-H. A. Park, PCCP 2011 Y. Park, D. Shin, A.-H. A. Park, J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011

  12. CO2 “Packing” Behaviors CO2 bending modes (NOHM-I-HPE) Linear chains Branched chains in-plane out-of-plane Ethomeen 3.3 chains/nm2 4.2 chains/nm2 Area ratio n2in-plane to n2out-of-plane provides insight into CO2 “packing” behaviors in NOHMs C. Petit, Y. Park, K.-Y A. Lin, A.-H. A. Park, JPC-C (2012) Y. Park, C. Petit, P. Han, A.-H. A. Park, (in preparation)

  13. CO2-induced Swelling NOHMs vs. polymer (NOHM-I-HPE) • NOHMs swell less than the corresponding unbound polymer for the same CO2 loading • This will impact the accessibility of CO2 to functional groups along the polymer chains Less swelling NOHMs Y. Park, J. Decatur, K.-Y A. Lin, A.-H. A. Park, PCCP 2011. Y. Park, D. Shin, A.-H. A. Park, J. Chem. Eng. Data 2011. C. Petit, Y. Park, K.-Y A. Lin, A.-H. A. Park, JPC-C 2012. Polymers Effect of chain size (NOHM-I-PEG) Swelling ratio at 60 oC & PCO2 = 0.8-5.5 MPa Delta swelling = Rate of swelling at each CO2 loading level

  14. CO2 Capture Capacity: Effect of Task-Specific Functional Groups CO2 Amine Amine O2,N2 Selectivity Recyclability + Simulated flue gas (CO2, O2, N2) K.-Y A. Lin, A.-H. A. Park, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011.

  15. Carbon Storage Schemes Utilization Capture Storage • Ocean storage • Biological fixation • Geologic storage • Mineral carbonation Statoil’s Sleipner West Gas reservoir in the North Sea Gas Processing Platforms 1 million tons of CO2 injected every year since 2006 CO2 Injection Well In Salah Gas Project in Algeria USD 100,000 saved daily on CO2 tax 600,000 tons of CO2 injected every year since 2004 Graphic courtesy of Statoil (Geotimes, 2003) • Mimics natural chemical transformation of CO2 • MgO+ CO2 MgCO3 • Thermodynamically stable product & Exothermic reaction • Appropriate for long-term environmentally benign and unmonitored storage Graphic courtesy of BP (Geotimes, 2003)

  16. Belvidere Mountain, Vermont Serpentine Tailings Availability of Minerals Mineral Carbonation of Peridotite Basalt Labradorite Magnesium-based Ultramafic Rocks (Serpentine, Olivine) Photo by Dr. Jürg Matterat LDEO (2008)

  17. H+ H+ Incongruent Dissolution of Silicate Minerals Serpentine, Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 2H+ • Challenges: • Slow dissolution kinetics of silicate minerals in nature • Diffusion-limiting ash layer formation • Highest reported conversion: 9% (Gerdemann et al., 2007) High Mg recovery (>85% in <1hr) Mg2+ 2H+ Oxalate Catechol Mg-bearing mineral • Moderate Reaction Conditions: • 90°C, pH 3.0 ,10-2 M Catalysts

  18. Chemical and Biological Catalytic Enhancement of Weathering of Silicate Minerals as Novel Carbon Capture and Storage Technology Bio-catalyst Make-up Carbonic anhydrase (CA) Industrial CO2 sources Flue gas Bubble column reactor with CA CO2(g) + H2O  H2CO3 H2CO3  H+ + HCO3- HCO3-  H+ + CO32- Chemical catalyst Mg and Si-targeting Chelating agents Dissolution reactor Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 6H+  3Mg2+ + 2Si(OH)4 + H2O Serpentine CO32-(aq) Recycled process water Carbonation reactor Mg2+ + CO32-  MgCO3 Mine Mg2+(aq) L/S separator • Controlled Formation of • Precipitated Magnesium Carbonates L/S separator un-dissolved minerals silica MgCO3 Disposal (mine reclamation) Value-added products (e.g., paper fillers, construction materials) • No need for the solvent regeneration and CO2 compression, straightforward MVA • Alternative CO2 utilization option with improved economic feasibility

  19. Acknowledgements • Current & Former Group Members • Seven Ph.D. students • Three Post-Doctoral Researchers • More than twenty Visiting Scholars & Master students • Sponsors (Current & Past) • National Science Foundation (CAREER, CBET, SEES-RCN) • Department of Energy (CCS1, CCS2, MVA, ARPA-E) • King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST-Cornell Center) • ORICA Mining Services Ltd. • POSCO (Fluidization, Biomass-to-H2) • KIGAM • CLIMAX GLOBAL ENERGY • New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) • New York State Foundation for Science, Technology and Innovation (NYSTAR) • Columbia University (Diversity Initiative, Earth and Engineering Center) • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STAR fellowship

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