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Journey of System from/towards Equilibrium

Journey of System from/towards Equilibrium. P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi. A Major Goal of Engineering Systems…. Humans Effort to Reach/not to Reach Equilibrium. Equilibrium Conditions for Healthy and Comfort. Industrial Work Conditions.

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Journey of System from/towards Equilibrium

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  1. Journey of System from/towards Equilibrium P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi A Major Goal of Engineering Systems…

  2. Humans Effort to Reach/not to Reach Equilibrium

  3. Equilibrium Conditions for Healthy and Comfort

  4. Industrial Work Conditions

  5. Thermodynamic Origin of System Journey Gas A Gas C Gas B p, kPa T (0C) Absolute Zero!

  6. Further Experiments on Gas Thermometers : Unit mole of gas p, kPa T (0C) Absolute Zero!

  7. Saturated Liquid Nitrogen at 1 atm Saturated Liquid Nitrogen

  8. A Journey towards Absolute Zero

  9. Extension of Zeroth Law

  10. Mechanical Equilibrium When Two bodies have equality of pressure with a third body, they in turn have equality of pressure with each other. Oxygen Cylinder LPG Cylinder

  11. Mechanical Equilibrium of A Finite size System • If a system is in mechanical equilibrium, there is no changing tendency for the pressure at any point. • There will be a variation in pressure with elevation because of the influence of gravitational forces, although under equilibrium conditions there will be no tendency for the pressure at any location to change. • In many thermodynamic problems, this variation in pressure with elevation is so small that is can be neglected.

  12. Chemical Equilibrium A system is in chemical equilibrium when there is no tendency for the quantities of species to change. When Two bodies have equality of concentration with a third body, they in turn have equality of concentration with each other.

  13. Thermodynamic Equilibrium • When a system is in equilibrium regarding all possible changes of state, we say that the system is in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. • The properties of a system can be measured, when system is at equilibrium. • Definition of a system using certain observable, macroscopic properties is known as description of “The state”. • Some familiar ones are temperature, pressure, and density. • How many properties are required to completely describe the state of a system?

  14. State Postulate The state postulate for a simple, pure substance states that the equilibrium state can be determined by specifying any two independent intensive properties.

  15. Change of State • Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we say that a change in state has occurred.

  16. Understanding of Change of State

  17. Occurrence of of Change of State Change of state due to an infinitesimal deviations from thermodynamic equilibrium can be precisely understood/identified. • Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we say that a change in state has occurred.

  18. Right Occurrence of Change of State

  19. Economics of Change of State • Every change of state of a system consumes resource (Energy). • Detail record of a change of state is essential to efficiently use a given resource. • Keeping a record of change of state of a system is called as detailing the process in thermodynamics.

  20. Economics of Utilization of Energy Why So? The paths followed are different…

  21. Need for Understanding the Change of State

  22. Thermodynamic Process • The path of succession of states through which the system passes is called the process. • Quasi-equilibrium process is a collection of changes, in which the deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium is infinitesimal. • All the states the system passes through during a quasi-equilibrium process may be considered equilibrium states.

  23. Development of Low Emission Diesel Engine

  24. Description of Happening in an Engine Cylinder

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