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X-Ray Diffraction: Understanding Bragg's Law and Colligative Properties

Learn how X-ray diffraction helps determine atomic structures and how colligative properties affect solutions. Discover the principles of Bragg's Law and how different solute particles influence vapor pressure and boiling points. Explore the applications of distillation and freezing point depression in mixtures.

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X-Ray Diffraction: Understanding Bragg's Law and Colligative Properties

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  1. X-Ray Diffraction: Determining the distance between planes of atomsX-rays and atomsOrders of diffractionBragg’s Law

  2. Platinum metal crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice with one atom per lattice point. Monochromatic X-radiation from a Mo target has a wavelength of 71.07 pm. If this radiation is used in a diffraction experiment with a platinum crystal, a second order diffracted beam is observed at a theta value of 10.43°. If the spacing between these planes corresponds to the unit cell length (d = a), what is the d-spacing between the planes that gave rise to this reflection? Using X-Ray Diffraction: Bragg’s Law

  3. Chapter 13: Mixtures: solutions, complex mixtures, colligative properties

  4. Chapter 13: Colligative Properties: Properties of the solvent that change upon dissolution Vapor pressure Boiling point Freezing point Osmotic pressure ***Key #1: This all involves solute particles “blocking” molecules from leaving the liquid state: ***Key# 2: It does not matter what the solute is, just how many particles (molecules or ions are present)

  5. Molarity Molality Mole Fraction Weight Percent ppm ppb Concentration Units

  6. Colligative Propreties: Properties of the solvent that change upon dissolution Vapor Pressure of water at 20 oC is 20.1 mm Hg. What is the pressure of 100 g water mixed with 100 g ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH)2?

  7. Distillation: Changing the composition of a mixture of volatile liquids Vapor Pressures at 50 oC Water 99 mm Hg Ethanol 232 mmHg Distill a 10% alcohol solution.

  8. Freezing and Boiling Point Changes & Phase Diagrams

  9. Boiling Point Elevation: An extension of Vapor Pressure Lowering

  10. Boiling Point Elevation

  11. Freezing Point Depression

  12. Effect of Ions: Tfp = Kfpmi i = van’t Hoff factor Van’t Hoff factors: NH3 KCl CaCl2 FeBr3

  13. Which is better at melting ice, per gram, NaCl or CaCl2?

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