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George II 1727-1760

George II 1727-1760. Like his father, for much of his reign George's political options were limited by the strength of the Jacobite cause (James Stuart the Old Pretender, and then his son, Charles Edward Stuart*), with which many of the Tories were linked. (*"Bonnie Prince Charlie").

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George II 1727-1760

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  1. George II 1727-1760 Like his father, for much of his reign George's political options were limited by the strength of the Jacobite cause (James Stuart the Old Pretender, and then his son, Charles Edward Stuart*), with which many of the Tories were linked. (*"Bonnie Prince Charlie") George II from www.royal.gov.uk Parsons UK/US History

  2. Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Silvester Maria Stuart aka Bonnie Prince Charlie Parsons UK/US History

  3. George II 1727-1760 George's reign was threatened in 1745 when Charles Edward Stuart, the Young Pretender, landed in Scotland. After some initial success (which led to the national anthem in its current form becoming popular among the Hanoverian loyalists), during which Charles' army drove down south as far as Derby, ... Parsons UK/US History

  4. Battle of Culloden ... Charles was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in April 1746 and the Jacobite threat was over. April 1746. The rebellious Jacobite soldiers, mostly Scottish, were massacred by the Duke of Cumberland. Repression in Scotland after the battle was merciless. Parsons UK/US History

  5. Battle of Culloden Parsons UK/US History

  6. George II 1727-1760 The foundations of the industrial revolution were laid during George II's reign, with new levels of production in industries such as coal and shipbuilding and also in agriculture, together with a rapid rise in population. Overseas, trade was boosted by successes such as Clive's victories in India at Arcot (1751) and Plassey (1757), which placed Madras and Bengal under British control, Parsons UK/US History

  7. George II 1727-1760 and Wolfe's capture of French-held Quebec in 1759 (part of a successful campaign which transferred Canada with its wealthy trade in fish and fur from French to British rule). Parsons UK/US History

  8. The Death of Wolfe Parsons UK/US History

  9. Clive at Plassey Parsons UK/US History

  10. Clive receiving Diwani (tax collection rights) for all of Bengal 1665 Parsons UK/US History

  11. Clive receiving money from the Nawab of Bengal to start fund for wounded soldiers Parsons UK/US History

  12. War with France 1743-1748 War of the Austrian Succession. William Pitt (Lord Chatham) concentrated on undermining the French navy. 1756-1763 Seven Years War. India, Canada, ... France lost many of its possessions in North America and lost influence irrecoverably in India. Parsons UK/US History

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  18. City life • Rapidly growing population in cities, especially London. • Towns growing rapidly with industry. Parsons UK/US History

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  20. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • (Cotton, Coal, Iron) • There are several reasons why the Industrial revolution occurred in Britain first: • Reforms to agriculture freed up people to work in towns and factories (Enclosure Act, crop rotation, etc) Parsons UK/US History

  21. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • Britain emerged from the Napoleonic wars as leading nation. Money from trade to invest in industry. • Protestant work ethic (see Max Weber): many dissenters who were barred from high office but nonetheless accorded a certain sympathy by the Protestant middle classes were able to devote their energies to trade and industry. Parsons UK/US History

  22. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • Britain enjoyed a privileged position with iron ore and coal in abundance. • However coal became increasingly difficult to extract: miners had to go deeper and deeper, and this raised problems keeping the mineshafts free of flood water. • Early steam engines (first patented 1698) designed to act as pumps. Parsons UK/US History

  23. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 James Watt's steam engine (1765, patented 1779) much more efficient than previous engines. Negative pressure engines. Trevithick invented high pressure steam engine: better yield, but dangerous to operate (danger of boiler exploding). First steam locomotive 1803/4. Also tried steam road carriage (1801) but uneconomical. Parsons UK/US History

  24. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • Other less "technology-driven" changes: better organisation, using technology. • Cotton "mills" (factories): move from cottage industry (people essentially working at home) to factory model. Water wheels. (Lancashire and King Cotton). • Problem providing cotton and linen thread in sufficient quantities. Labour intensive. Parsons UK/US History

  25. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 • Machine tools built by craftsmen, using techniques developed by clock makers. • Textiles: Hargreaves and the "Spinning Jenny" (1764), very large numbers produced. Richard Arkwright and the "Spinning Frame" (late 1760s early 1770s). Parsons UK/US History

  26. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 Hargreave's "Spinning Jenny" built c. 1764. This picture engraved 1835. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TEXjenny.htm Parsons UK/US History

  27. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 Richard Arkwright's "Spinning Frame" produced stronger thread, needed substantial source of power (1771 first factory built, powered by water wheels) but could be run by an unskilled work force. In fact two-thirds of Hargreaves' workers were children, working from 6 am to 7 pm, from age 6. Built extensive network of factories in 1780s using steam and became very rich. Parsons UK/US History

  28. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 Richard Arkwright's "Spinning Frame" Parsons UK/US History

  29. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 Canals, built by teams of "navigators" (navvies). Roads (new techniques for surfacing introduced by people like Macadam). Mainly used for passenger transport. Development of coach transport (with "stages" to change horses etc) Parsons UK/US History

  30. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 Railways: at first machines for coal mines, originally with stationary engines hauling wagons. First passenger railway the Stockton and Darlington railway 1825. Stephenson's "Locomotion" Parsons UK/US History

  31. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 Stephenson's "Locomotion", the first steam-powered locomotive to haul a passenger train in September 1825 (Stockton and Darlington railway) Parsons UK/US History

  32. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 New steam engines. Competitions for best mobile steam engines (locomotives). The winner in 1829 was Stephenson's Rocket. 30 mph!!! Liverpool and Manchester railway 1830. Parsons UK/US History

  33. Stephenson's Rocket 1829 Parsons UK/US History

  34. Industrial Revolution c.1760-c.1830 The Rocket could haul passenger trains at speeds approaching 20 mph. Railway boom. 1850s. Railways then built in other countries, often with British (Irish?) workforce, technology and knowhow. Manufactured goods became more widely available. Parsons UK/US History

  35. Industrial Revolution The "down side". Many workers lost their jobs because increasing productivity of machines (largely manned by unskilled labour) replaced (skilled) men. Luddites (groups of rebels breaking machines at night ...) especially from 1811 to 1816. The government and owners responded vigorously. Parsons UK/US History

  36. Industrial Revolution Unrest because of Corn Laws (especially after 1815, combined with poor harvest in 1806) and other issues. "Demonstration" in St Peter's Field Manchester in 1919. Yeamanry (mounted "police" charged the crowd in an attempt to arrest the speaker. Several people, including women and children, killed, and many more wounded. The "Peterloo" massacre. Parsons UK/US History

  37. Peterloo massacre Parsons UK/US History

  38. Peterloo massacre Parsons UK/US History

  39. Industrial Revolution "Several evil-minded persons have assembled togehter ... and destroyed a number of frames in different parts of the country. This is to give notice that any Person who will give information of any Person or Persons thus wickedly breaking the frames shall, upon conviction, receive 50 guineas reward" Parsons UK/US History

  40. Industrial Revolution Workers began to "combine" (get together) to protect their interests. The Combination Act forbade any kind of trade union from 1799 until 1824. Even after then union activity severely opposed "Tolpuddle martyrs" (1834): six men were transported to Australia for seven years for forming a union of agricultural workers (in fact for illegally "administering an oath"). Parsons UK/US History

  41. Industrial Revolution Pollution, "dark satanic mills" (Wm Blake). Nostalgia for the English countryside before the industry arrived. Pictures of industrial life. Parsons UK/US History

  42. Jerusalem, 1804 AND did those feet in ancient time Walk upon England's mountains green? And was the holy Lamb of God On England's pleasant pastures seen? And did the Countenance Divine Shine forth upon our clouded hills? And was Jerusalem builded here Among these dark Satanic mills? Bring me my bow of burning gold: Bring me my arrows of desire: Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold! Bring me my chariot of fire. I will not cease from mental fight, Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand Till we have built Jerusalem In England's green and pleasant land William Blake, 1757-1827 Parsons UK/US History

  43. Coalbrookdale Parsons UK/US History

  44. In the meantime Events in North America. 1788 First Fleet arrived in Sydney, Australia (700 convicts). 1789 French Revolution. At first greeted warmly be reformers in England who had expressed their distress at hardship of workers' lives in new conditions of the Industrial revolution. Parsons UK/US History

  45. In the meantime Freedom! Tom Paine, John Stuart Mill, Mary Wollstonecraft ... (major early feminist) welcomed the promise of Liberty. Burke was opposed and published bitter Reflections on a Revolution in France. Paine responded in The Rights of Man. Parsons UK/US History

  46. In the meantime Mary Wollstonecraft, author of A Vindication of the Rights of Women Parsons UK/US History

  47. In the meantime However with threat from East by Prussian troops (1792), execution of King and Queen (1793), the atmosphere turned sour. Many who had welcomed the Revolution took fright. Parsons UK/US History

  48. In the meantime Clamp down in Britain. Major military mobilisation. Trafalgar 1805, Waterloo 1815, ... Britain reasserted domination of the seas. "Rule Britannia, Britannia rules the waves, Britons never never never shall be slaves" After Napoleonic wars, Corn Laws to maintain price of agricultural production. Favoured landowners at expense of population at large and of factory owners. Parsons UK/US History

  49. JMW Turner, The Battle of Trafalgar Parsons UK/US History

  50. In the meantime Also in the meantime, after Irish and French attempts to destabilise Britain (and even an unsuccessful French invasion of Ireland in 1798, repressed with great loss of life--30,000?), 1801 Act of Union with Ireland. Today's Union Jack. Parsons UK/US History

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