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The Civil Rights Movement

Learn the fight against segregation in all public facilities, employment discrimination, and voter rights in the U.S., including key events like Brown v. Board of Education, Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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The Civil Rights Movement

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  1. The Civil Rights Movement US History: Spiconardi

  2. Segregation • Segregation in all public facilities • “two separate worlds” • by law in the South • by “tradition” in the Northern cities • Discrimination in employment and pay • not allowed into most unions • Few can vote • Violence and lynching still common • Few protections in the court system

  3. Brown V. Board of Education • Linda Brown requested to attend an all-white school closer to her home in Topeka, KS as opposed to an all-black school further away • Due to segregation she was denied admission • NAACP sued & appealed until case goes before the Supreme Court

  4. Brown v. Board of Education • Chief Justice Warren • “in the field of public education the doctrine ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” • The unequal facilities create in black children “a feeling of inferiority.” • However, ruling did not demand immediate desegregation of schools

  5. The Little Rock Nine • One year after Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ordered school desegregation, but never gave a timetable • Southern states called for “massive resistance” to fight against school desegregation

  6. The Little Rock Nine • The Governor of Arkansas uses the National Guard to prevent nine black students from attending an all-white high school • Federal judge orders the governor to withdraw the guardsmen • White threaten to storm the school if the black children are let in

  7. The Little Rock Nine • Eisenhower has to call in the National Guard to protect the black children in school • One child decides not to go to the high school • Little Rock closes all public high schools from ’58-’59 instead of desegregating

  8. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks is arrested in 1955 for refusing to give her seat up to a white passenger. • Civil Rights groups elected Martin Luther King, Jr. to lead a boycott of the Montgomery, AL bus system

  9. Montgomery Bus Boycott • Boycott lasted 381 days • Courts ruled segregation on public transportation was illegal • MLK emerges as the leader of the Civil Rights movement • Use of civil disobedience • Model activism after Gandhi

  10. Greensboro • Four black students use civil disobedience at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, SC • Inspires many other acts of similar civil disobedience (Sit-In movement) • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) organizes sit in movement • Make “We Shall Overcome” anthem of the civil rights movement

  11. Birmingham • MLK and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) attempt to desegregate Birmingham, AL with acts of civil disobedience and protests • Police used dogs and hoses to break up the march • Over 2,000 arrested

  12. Birmingham • Television cameras and journalists capture the violence against the protesters on film • Rallied support for the Civil Rights Movement

  13. Birmingham • Martin Luther King arrested • “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” • “Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging dark of segregation to say, ‘Wait.’ But when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim;…when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you suddenly find your tongue twisted…as you seek to explain to your six-year-old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park…and see the tears welling up in her eyes when she is told Funtown is closed to colored children…then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.”

  14. March on Washington • In 1963 JFK asks for legislation to end discrimination in employment and segregation in public accommodations • 250,000 march to show support of the proposed legislation

  15. “I have a dream…”

  16. KKK Strikes back • To “protest” against proposed civil rights legislation KKK bombs the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham • 4 children killed • Violence outbreaks as more blacks killed by police • Police commissioner: If you're going to blame anyone for getting those children killed in Birmingham, it's your Supreme Court."

  17. Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Outlaws discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin • Opened public facilities to people of all races (stores, restrooms, restaurants, hotels)

  18. Twenty-fourth Amendment & Voting Rights Act • Outlawed poll tax in federal elections • Attorney General allowed to take action against states that continued to employ a poll tax • Voting Rights Act (1965) • Ended the use of literacy tests

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