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Staking Out and Excavating for Foundations

Learn how to stake out the location of a house on a plot plan, including layout of corners and using the 3-4-5 method. Understand the excavation process and the importance of proper footings. Explore different footing shapes and sizes, as well as foundation walls and their terminology. Discover the role of beams and girders, and gain knowledge about concrete and masonry, including concrete blocks and pavers.

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Staking Out and Excavating for Foundations

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  1. Chapter 9 Footings, Foundations, and Concrete

  2. Staking Out? • Use plot plan to stake out location of the house on the lot. • Layout corners • 3-4-5 (9-12-15)method • Batter boards • Control point (usually highest point)

  3. Excavation • Bulldozer or tractor with blade is used to remove topsoil, for fill later. • Trencher or backhoe used for excavating earth. • Footings should extend down a minimum of 6” below the average minimum frost depth and 6” into undisturbed soil. (Local code) • Plan for settling.

  4. Footing Shapes • Increase the supporting capacity of the foundation wall by spreading the load over a larger area.

  5. Footing Shapes and Sizes

  6. Foundation Walls • Extends from the first floor to the footing • Basement wall or crawlspace • T-Foundation • Slab Foundation • Pier/Post Foundation • (see page 165)

  7. Terminology • Drain Tile (4” perforated (weep) tile) • Pilasters • Beam Pocket • Gravel Fill • Sand Cushion (between poured floor and footing) • Vapor Barrier • Live Loads – fixed or moving weight not part of structure • Dead Loads – Fixed weights of the structure.

  8. Beams and Girders • Used to cover large spans, where wood would not be sufficient • S-Beam (I - beam) and Wide flange beam • Lintels – horizontal support over an opening

  9. Concrete and Masonry • Concrete - Cement, sand, aggregate and water • Cement – Mixture of lime, silica (sand), alumina, iron and gypsum. • Sold by the cubic yard ~ $30.00/cu.yd. • Concrete block (cinder block) (p. 179) • Pavers

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