Lesson Three

1. Lesson Three More Crime and Less Punishment By Richard Moran

2. Introduction Topic Discussion: (Brainstorming) 1. What do you know about the crime problem in the States? 2. What do you think can be attributed to a constant increase in crime nowadays?

3. Suggested Answer What do you know about the crime problem in the States? • 1)Personal property crimes (theft, robbery, mugging , burgling, purse-snatching, shoplifting) • 2)economic crimes (embezzlement, smuggling ,etc.) • 3)political crimes (bribery, terrorism, betrayal) • 4)computer crimes (hacking) • 5)sexual crimes (rape , sexual harassment) • 6)juvenile delinquency (drug-abuse, violence) • 7)murdering • 8)drug-trafficking

4. Suggested Answer • What do you think can be attributed to a constant increase in crime nowadays? 1)poverty (Poverty is the mother of crime.) 2)the gap between the rich and the poor 3)poor education 4)the lack of moral power 5)ineffective legislation 6)the lack of effective enforcement of laws

5. Suggested Answer 7)ill cultural influence from history or from other countries 8)lenient punishment from the police and court 9)racial hatred 10)money worship 11)TV violence

6. Structure of the text • Introduction: (Para1—3 ) The writer describes how serious the crime problem is in the States and introduces the main idea of the text : punishment does not reduce crime.

7. Structure of the text • Body: (Para 4---- 9) He analyses the reasons why punishment doesn’t deter punishment. • Supporting point 1.: There are too many criminal to be locked up • Supporting point 2.: the public is unwilling to pay for prison construction • Supporting point 3.: Longer prison sentences are not only too expensive to be feasible, but also ineffectual.

8. Structure of the text • Conclusion (Para 10) He restates his argument : getting tough with criminals is not the answer to the crime problem.

9. Writing techniques • 1.How to support an argument • 1)by express your opinion clearly in a topic sentence • 2)by giving relevant and accurate reasons or facts as evidence • 3)by showing statistical information • 4)by giving examples • 5) by giving quotations (not in this text)

10. Writing Techniques • 1)Analogy : the comparison of two seemingly unlike things for the purpose of illustration. The comparison is possible because the two have something in common. (Para 4) • Eg: Military strategy may bear some similarity to the chessboard. • 2)Rhetorical Questions (Para 2) • 3)Selective Use of Repetition (Para 6) • 4)Frequent use of Statistical information

11. New Words and Expressions 1.get touch with 2. amount to 3. under supervision/ under the supervision of 4. lock away / lock up 5. go down / go up 6. afford 7. give out 8. the other way around 9. decline

12. New Words and Expressions 10.gain admission to / release / one’s approval 11.elite 12.exclusive 13.be soft / easy on sb. 14.convict 15.have charge of 16.dismiss 17.select 18.release

13. New Words and Expressions 19.measure sth. against sth. 20.a drop in the bucket 21.work out to 22.be faced with

14. Words • get tough with : to become harsh / severe/ unyielding with • eg: The school asked the police to get tough with the neighbourhood bullies who were constantly shaking the children down. • 据悉， 我国有关部门将在春节期间严厉惩办票贩子。 • It is reported that the authorities concerned will get touch with scalpers during the Spring Festival.

15. Words • amount to sth. ：to be equal to, in quantity or in meaning./ add up to • Eg: 1. The building cost of this tower will amount to four million dollars. • 2. His father once said he would never amount to anything.(他决不会有什么出息。

16. Words • under one’s supervision/ under the supervision of: under the control of • Eg: The firm’s account is under the supervision of the director. • What he should say and do is under the supervision of his family.

17. Words • lock sb. away / lock up: (informal) to put sb. in prison • eg: He committed suicide when locked up. • lock sth. away / up: put sth. in a safe place or fasten the lock • eg: He locks all the spoils( 赃物 ) in a safe.

18. Words • go up : rise / increase / ascend • go down : fall/ decline/ decrease/ descend • afford: (usu. used with can /be able to) to be able to do sth. without serious damage or loss,

19. Words • eg: 1. afford to do • I can’t afford to take off two weeks from my work. • 2. afford sth. • I can’t afford a two-week leave. • 3. afford sb. sth.: (fml.) provide sb. sth. • The job seems to afford her a peculiar satisfaction. • His grandson afforded him his greatest pleasure in his old age.

20. Words • give out : a. to announce publicly, to enforce (in the text) • eg: 1) The radio has just given out the basketball results. • 2) The names of prize-winners were given out in the awarding ceremony. • b. to hand out / distribute

21. Words • eg: When teachers give out the examination paper, everyone should keep quiet. • c. come to an end • eg: They had just reached home when the petrol gave out. • The supplies are beginning to give out.

22. Words • deter: 1) to deter sth. : to discourage, check or prevent sth. through the threat of sth. unpleastant, • eg: The University enforces severe punishment to deter cheating in exams. • Harsh punishment didn’t deter piracy.

23. Words • 2) deter sb. from sth./doing sth.: to make sb. decide not to do sth. or continue doing sth. , esp. by making them understand the difficulties and unpleasant results of their actions • eg: The high housing price doesn’t deter people from buying houses. • Such discrimination didn’t deter women from seeking work.

24. Words • the other way around: the opposite situation • eg: I thought I could teach him a good lesson but it was the other way (a)round. • He didn’t divorce his wife. It was the other way round.

25. Words • decline: v. 1) vi. diminish, become smaller, weaker, fewer, etc. eg: Prices on the stock market declined. • His health was declining. • The nation declines as a world power.

26. Words • 2) vi./vt. refuse ( sth. offered ) , usu. politely • eg: The witness declined to answer any questions. • She declined , naturally , to have anything to do with us.

27. Words n. gradual and continuous loss of power , strength, etc. a decline in sth. eg: There has been a decline in real salary recently. fall/go into a decline eg: on the decline eg: Unemployment has been on the decline in these areas.

28. Words • gain admission to / release / one’s approval • elite: social group considered to be the best or most important because of their power, talent, wealth, etc. (often derog) eg: a small intellectual elite • (attri.) best, top, select , considered to be the best of

29. Words • eg: elite investment banker/ elite university/ elite training establishments • exclusive : 1. sth. that is exclusive is • 1.1 available only to people who are rich or who belong to a high social class. Eg: an exclusive residential district

30. Words • 1.2 used or owned by only one person or group, and not shared with anyone else. • Eg: They have exclusive use of the meeting room. • The real estate has exclusive right to sell the house. • An exclusive agency

31. Words • . If two things are mutually exclusive, they can’t exist together. • Eg: There is no reason why these two functions should be mutually exclusive. • 3. exclusive of sth. : not including/ excluding • eg: Sales, exclusive of this month, has amounted to one million dollars

32. Words • be soft / easy on sb.(infml) to be less severe, to act or proceed with caution, • eg: The management should be soft/easy on layoffs.(妥善对待 ). • c.f. go easy on sb.: used to tell sb. not to punish or treat a person too severely • eg: Go easy on these little children and let them enjoy themselves more. • Go easy on her. After all , she isn’t a professional player.

33. Words • go easy on sth.: to avoid using too much of sth. • eg: I suggested to him that he should go easy on publicity for a while. • Go easy on the cake. There isn’t much left.

34. Words • convict: v. (a jury or a judge ) declare in the law court that sb. is guilty of a crime. • convict sb. of (a crime) • eg: The fingerprints found on the gun was used to convict her of murder. • He has been convicted of robbery

35. Words • a convicted murderer • convict: n. a person who is convicted and is being punished in prison. • conviction: n.

36. Words • have charge of : have responsibility for sth. • eg: His mother died several years ago and he had charge of his younger sister when his father left home. • In charge of / in the charge of / leave in charge of (交由某人管理)/ take charge of sth. (负责管理/照顾) • Eg: He will take charge of all arrangements.

37. Words • dismiss • 1) (from) to refuse to consider (a subject or idea) seriously不考虑，轻率地说 • Eg: He just laughed, and dismissed the idea as impossible. • 2) (from) to remove from a job解雇，使离职 • Eg: If you are late again you’ll be dismissed from your job.

38. Words • 3) (from) to send away or allow to go（下课）让走掉，使散会 • Eg: The teacher dismissed the class early. • 4) (of a judge) to stop (a court case) before a result is reached. • [律]驳回，对…不受理 • Eg: The judge dismissed all the charges against Smith.

39. Words • select: adj. 1. carefully chosen, esp.as being the best out of a larger group • eg: The book is a select collection of poetry from various authors. • 2. (of a society, club, gathering , etc) admitting only certain people; exclusive • eg: Only a select few were invited to the party. • She belongs to a very select club.

40. Words • release: release sb/sth. from sth.. : • to set sb./sth. free • eg: The convict was released from prison after serving a ten-year sentence. • His suicide may release him from his deep remorse. • to allow (news) to be made known • eg: No news will be released to the public until we give you the go-ahead.

41. Words • to make sth. available to the public • eg: Her new movie will be released next week. • measure sth. against sth.: to judge a person or sth. by comparing with another person or thing (weigh sth. against sth.) • eg: Our production costs are high , when measured against the world’s advanced level.

42. Words • She always measures her performance against that of the best saleswoman in her company. • a drop in the bucket: (AmE) / a drop in the ocean: an amount of sth. is too small to make any real difference, 沧海一粟 • eg: Every drop in the bucket helps. • The money we have can’t save him. It is just a drop in the bucket.

43. Words • work out to/at : to add up to/ to make a total amount of sth. • eg: All the bills work out to 500 yuan per month. • His take-home pay works out at £ 200 a week. • The total area of our campus works out to 1,000 acres. • C.f. work out 设计；制定；安排；耗尽；解决；找到……的答案；结果；发展

44. Words • eg. The research centre worked out a new plan and decided to carry it out immediately. • That was the best solution they were able to work out. • He never seems to be worked out. • They have worked out all the math problems by themselves. • Things will work themselves out.

45. Words • be faced with: If you are faced with sth., it si going to affect you and you have to deal with it. • eg: We are faced with the burning threat of war • Faced with the evidence , he could do nothing but confess. • Face: v. He realized that he was facing a dilemma.

46. Words • She was prepared to face the consequences. • She couldn’t face up to the prospect of living in reduced circumstances. (accept)

47. Background Information • What are the roles of the judges and the jury?

48. Roles of the Judges • The judge is to supervise a trial in order to assure its proper conduct and the fair administration of justice and to restrain from making any comments on the effect of any testimony or the credibility of any witness.

49. Roles of the Jury A trail begins once a jury of 12 citizens is selected. They should listen to the statement of the prosecuting and defense attorneys and their questioning of the witnesses. After the trial , all 12 members of the jury should have a deliberation, which can take hours or even days until they could reach a unanimous decision. There are times when a jury can not read such a decision.(mistrial 未决审判). When it occurs, the prosecuting attorney then decides whether or not to try the case again before a completely new jury.

50. Introduction to the Text What ’s the purpose of writing? A To describe the all the various aspects of the crime problem. B To examine the possible causes of the crime problem C To argue that punishment does not deter crime against the prevailing view that harsh punishments should be enforced to reduce crime.