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Population Change. Population and Settlement. Contents. World population change The demographic transition model Population structure Managing population change. Icons:. Flash activity (these activities are not editable). Web addresses. Printable activity.
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Population Change Population and Settlement
Contents • World population change • The demographic transition model • Population structure • Managing population change Icons: Flash activity (these activities are not editable) Web addresses Printable activity Teacher’s notes included in the Notes Page Extension activity
World population change Key questions: World population change By the end of this chapter you should have considered these key themes and questions: • How is world population changing? • How is the world’s population distributed? • How can population change be calculated? • What factors affect birth and death rates?
Where are all the people? The global population is not spread evenly. Some countries are much more densely populated than others. This map of the world represents each country in terms of its population rather than its area. Although it is clearly recognizable, there are also some obvious differences. What does this map show about the distribution of the global population?
Calculating population change Population change is a measure of how much a country’s population has increased or decreased, usually over one year. Population change can be expressed as a simple figure. It is calculated using this formula: ( ) ( ) number of births number of deaths number of immigrants number of emigrants – + – The UK’s population change is calculated as: (748,600 – 572,200) + (561,000 – 387,000) = 350,400 It can be also be expressed as a percentage growth rate: (population change ÷ total population) × 100 The UK’s percentage growth rate is calculated as: 350,400 ÷ 60,587,300 = 0.58%
Key questions: The demographic transition model The demographic transition model By the end of this chapter you should have considered these key themes and questions: • What is the demographic transition model and what is its purpose? • What are the stages of the demographic transition model and how do they apply to different countries? • What relevance does the demographic transition model have today?
Population change in a country over time In theory, different countries should travel through the stages of the DTM as they become more developed. The UK and Sweden are good examples, demonstrated by the falling birth and death rates on the graph that conform to the DTM pattern. Do you think all countries will follow the DTM pattern?
Population decline in Italy Italy is a good example of the fifth stage of the DTM because its population is in decline. Population growth rate: –0.047% Birth rate: 8.36 per 1000 population Death rate: 10.61 per 1000 population Italy has an ageing population, so has a higher death rate, but the main reason for the declining population is a falling birth rate, due to an increase in the number of working women and the number of women getting married later. Other countries are also suffering from a population decline. What other factors might cause this?
What affects the DTM? How could the events in these photographs impact on a country's passage through the demographic transition model?
Population structure Key questions: Population structure By the end of this chapter you should have considered these key themes and questions: • What are population pyramids and how are they used? • What is the age and population structure of the UK? • What impacts do ageing and youthful populations have on a country? • How does migration affect population change? • How has migration affected the UK’s population?
Population structure Population structure is the numbers in, and distribution of, different age groups in a population. Those who are aged 0–15 and those who are aged over 65 are the dependent population. The active population is those aged 16–64, who are expected to be in employment. The graph shows the USA’s population structure as percentages of dependent and active population. What is happening to the USA’s population?
Population pyramids Population structure can also be shown using a graph called a population pyramid.It is made of two bar graphs showing the number of males and females in each five-year age group. The shape of the pyramid is affected by the crude birth and death rates in each age group. Population pyramids can also be usefully applied to the different stages of the DTM. As birth and death rates change over time through the different stages of the DTM, the number of people in different age groups in a population changes. What shape do you think each DTM stage will have?
Population structure of the UK The UK has an ageing population. Although the population exceeds 60 million, birth rates are falling and the proportion of elderly dependents is rising. Like much of western Europe, the UK is at stage 4 of the DTM. What is responsible for the UK’s population increase?
Migration and population change Net migration is the difference between those emigrating away from a country to live in another and those immigrating into the country. It can be a positive or negative figure. immigration – emigration = net migration Migration contributes to overall population change, as demonstrated by the population change calculation. In some countries, e.g. the USA, migration has a huge impact on population change.
Migration in the UK 7.5% of the UK’s population were born abroad, approximately 4.3 million people. Half of the UK’s population growth between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. Without it, the UK’s population would be in decline. Immigration to the UK has increased since the 1990s, particularly since 2004. However, emigration has also risen over this period, though net migration levels have risen overall. Map showing the origin of immigrants to the UK What reasons are there for the migration trends and the pattern of immigration shown by the map?
Key questions: Managing population change Managing population change By the end of this chapter you should have considered these key themes and questions: • What are anti-natal and pro-natal policies? • Why has China implemented an anti-natal policy and what are its effects? • How do pro-natal policies vary in Singapore and Italy?
Anti-natal one child policy in China An anti-natalpolicy is one which is introduced by the government in order to curb population growth. It works by taking measures to reduce birth rate. China introduced a one child policy in 1979, limiting families to having only one child. It affects 35.9% of the population, predominantly those in urban areas. Other measures introduced to reduce birth rate include: • increased education opportunities • wider availability of contraception • legalized abortion • forced sterilizations.
Impacts of China’s one child policy China’s one child policy is controversial both within and outside China and has many impacts. These include: • draconian enforcement • a lack of freedom of choice • infanticide and the abandonment of girls • a disproportionate number of males • a lack of extended family in the future • a rural/urban divide (rural residents are allowed a second child with permission) • reduced population growth has impacted on resources. Do you think the policy is effective? What might be the long term consequences of these impacts?
