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Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular Diseases. Advanced Higher. Learning Outcomes. Describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension stroke; State the incidence of these diseases in the UK and other countries. Cardiovascular Disease.

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Cardiovascular Diseases

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  1. Cardiovascular Diseases Advanced Higher

  2. Learning Outcomes • Describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (heart attack), hypertension stroke; • State the incidence of these diseases in the UK and other countries

  3. Cardiovascular Disease • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) - diseases which affect the heart and blood vessels. • A major cause of death in men and women over 50 in the western world. • In UK 350,000 die from CVD every year. • Atherosclerosis and Hypertension lead to most other forms of CVD.

  4. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) • Coronary heart disease (CHD) refers to diseases affecting the heart, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction. • Scotland is near the top of the international league for death from CHD. 65% higher in men in Scotland then SW England, 112% in women (BHF, 2008)

  5. Atherosclerosis • Build up of atheroma or plaque under the lining of the arteries. • Fatty acid  fibrous tissue  Calcium • artery diameter = restricted flow • Loss of elasticity – hardening of arteries • Increased blood pressure - hypertension

  6. Atherosclerosis • Normal Coronary Artery • Atherosclerosis affecting Coronary Artery • Atherosclerosis affecting Coronary Artery

  7. Thrombosis • Plaque in arteries produce a roughened surface, allowing platelets to accumulate and a blood clot or “thrombus” forms. • Thrombosis can lead to a heart attack (myocardial infarction) or stroke. • If it breaks free it is known as an embolus and will lead to an embolism in an artery.

  8. Thrombosis • coronary thrombosis – gross • coronary thrombosis - artery

  9. Angina Pectoris • Arises when blood flow is reduced by atherosclerosis. • Symptoms are chest pain due to inadequate blood supply to heart muscle during times of exertion. • Symptoms disappear again following a period of rest.

  10. Hypertension • When blood pressure is persistently higher than 160/95 mm Hg. BP Charts • Can lead to atherosclerosis. • 20% of adult population of UK suffers from Hypertension • Can lead to CHD • Controlled by diet, exercise and medication

  11. Incidence of CHD in UK and beyond • Prevalence differs in countries throughout the world • UK has one of the highest rates of CHD. • Factors such as diet high in saturated fats, high smoking rates and low activity levels all contribute. • CHD generally associated with affluence.

  12. Typical Exam Question • Explain how atherosclerosis contributes to hypertension (3 marks). • Describe the sequence of events that leads from atherosclerosis to myocardial infarction (3marks). • Give an account of how cardiovascular diseases arise and outline some of the risk factors in their development (15 marks).

  13. Websites • World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int/en/ • NHS Scotland: http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/ • Shetland Health Board: http://www.show.scot.nhs.uk/shb/index.htm • British Heart Foundation: http://www.bhf.org.uk/ • Scottish Health Statitics: http://www.isdscotland.org • Blood Pressure Charts: http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/medicine/blood-pressure.htm • http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/MYOCARD/MYOCARD.html • http://sln.fi.edu/biosci/healthy/disease.html • http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CVIDX.html#1

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