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Introduction to A&P

Introduction to A&P. Language of Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomical Position: Body is erect with the face and feet facing forward, palms facing forward. Directional Terms. Superior – above, upper, toward the head Inferior – below, lower, away from the head

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Introduction to A&P

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  1. Introduction to A&P

  2. Language of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical Position: Body is erect with the face and feet facing forward, palms facing forward

  3. Directional Terms Superior – above, upper, toward the head Inferior – below, lower, away from the head Anterior – towards front, in front of (2 feet) Posterior – towards back, behind (2 feet) Ventral - belly (4 feet) Dorsal – back (4 feet) Medial - towards the midline, on the inner side of Lateral – away from the midline, on the outer side of Proximal – closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment Distal – farther from the origin of the body part or point of Superficial – towards or at the body surface Deep – away from the body surface **Don’t forget left and right**

  4. Regional Terms Axial – head, neck, trunk Appendicular – limbs (arms, hands, legs, feet)

  5. Regional Terms

  6. Body Planes (Sections) Frontal (Coronal) – runs head to toe divides into anterior and posterior Sagittal – divide body into right and left from head to toe Midsagittal (median), Parasagittal – offset from the midline Transverse plane (Horizontal, Cross section) – runs right to left divides into superior and inferior Oblique – cuts made diagonally between horizontal and vertical

  7. Body Cavities Body Cavities Within the axial region there are 2 large cavities containing organs Dorsal body cavity (protects CNS) Ventral body cavity (houses internal organs called viscera)

  8. Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  9. Abdominopelvic Region

  10. Serous Membranes Double layered membranes (called serosa) that line the walls of the ventral body cavity and cover the viscera. Remember, viscera are all the organs within the ventral body cavity Two layers: Parietal serosa – covers body wall Visceral serosa – covers the organ Serous fluid is made by the membranes and fills the space between the two layers and reduces friction during movement, so that organs can function efficiently

  11. Serous Membranes The serous membranes have specific names: Parietal pleural - Pleural fluid – Visceral pleural  surround lungs Parietal pericardium - pericardium fluid – Visceral pericardium  surround heart Parietal peritoneum - peritoneum fluid – Visceral peritoneum  surround abdominal and pelvic cavities

  12. Organ Systems You should be able to identify the indicated structures on the torso models AND know the function and representative organs within each body system (pg 6-7, Marieb textbook) Integumentary Skeleton Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular (or circulatory) • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive • Immune

  13. Microscopes The Cell: Anatomy and Division

  14. Use and Handling of Microscope Always carry with one hand on the arm and the other under the base Be watchful of the electric cord and rewind when finished Use only lens paper to clean the lens Always start and end on the lowest power objective Focus lowest powers (10X) with the coarse adjustment knob. Focus high powers (40X, 100X) with the fine adjustment knob ONLY. WE DO NOT USE 100X. Ensure that you always remove the slide when finished Replace dust cover when finished Place assigned microscope back in its correct location. Total Magnification = Ocular lens Magnification X Objective Magnification

  15. Microscope

  16. Microscope Parts and Function

  17. Cell

  18. Animal Cell – How is different from a plant cell?

  19. Cell cycle

  20. Cell Cycle • Interphase: period from cell formation to cell division, nuclear membrane is intact and distinct • G1 = time when cell undergoes rapid growth and carries out normal daily metabolic activity, varies in length of time, as G1 ends centrioles start to replicate • S = DNA replicates, new histones are made and assembled into chromatin • G2 = period of brief growth, enzymes and other proteins synthesized in preparation for cell division. Centrioles replication completed • Mitosis: period of nuclear division, usually takes about 2 hours, consists of four continuous phases

  21. Mitosis Be able to identify cellular processes that occur during each stage

  22. Cytokinesis • Cytokinesis • period of cytoplasmic division, begins in late anaphase or early telophase, • cleavage furrow forms and cell membrane constricts where the metaphase plate was previously, • cytoplasm is split resulting in two new separate daughter cells

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