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Introduction: Aims and scopes

Using the ONS Longitudinal Study and the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study to research occupational sex segregation in the 1990s Dr. Daniel Guinea-Martin, CSIC (formerly at ONS) Uptap Conference, March 2008 University of Leeds. Introduction: Aims and scopes. Methodological aims:

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Introduction: Aims and scopes

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  1. Using the ONS Longitudinal Study and the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study to research occupational sex segregation in the 1990sDr. Daniel Guinea-Martin, CSIC (formerly at ONS)Uptap Conference, March 2008University of Leeds

  2. Introduction: Aims and scopes • Methodological aims: • To assess the effect of attrition on representativenes • To assess ‘founding’ assumption • Substantive scope: To study occupational sex segregation / occupational mobility in the 1990s

  3. Occupational sex segregation The tendency for different groups in the population (women and men, ethnic groups, full- and part-timers) to work in different occupations from each other across the entire spectrum of occupations under analysis (Blackburn and Jarman 2005: 2)

  4. Occupational sex segregation: How to measure it • At the aggregated level • Measures of overall/horizontal occupational sex segregation (Index of Dissimilarity, Gini coefficient, Marginal Matching, Sex Ratio Index…) • At the individual level • Classification of occupations into sex-types based on percentage female • 0% to 29% female = male occupations • 30% to 69% female = integrated occupations • 70% + = female occupations

  5. Making the LS and NCDS data comparable • Understanding characteristics and extent of attrition • Drawing a cohort born in the late 50s from the LS • Comparing statistics

  6. Brief description of NCDS

  7. The NCDS longitudinal sample Attrition from sweep 5 to sweep 6: 11,340-9,890=1,450 ‘loss to follow up’, or 13% of expected sample at sweep6, of which • 554 were refusals (i.e., 5% of the 1991 sample) • 896 were of uncertain eligibility (i.e., 8% of the 1991 sample) • Making NCDS comparable to the LS: • 9,890 NCDS members present in 1991 and 2000 – 942 living in Scotland at either year = 8,948 cases in the longitudinal sample

  8. Traced LS members found at Census 1971 513,000 1991 2001 1981 536,000 535,000 528,000 1 census 408,000 2 censuses 420,000 418,000 327,000 3 censuses 331,000 4 censuses 256,000 11,000Emigrations 173,000Deaths Total number of LS members:944,000

  9. LS-based cohort • LS cohort (excluding people who immigrated to England and Wales aged 16 or older): • LS members born in 1957/58/59 (LS50s): 18,878 • ‘Loss-to-follow-up’ in LS50s: 11% from 1991 to 2001 (2,343 individuals) vs. 13% in the NCDS from 1991 to 2000 • But by 2000 the NCDS cohort had suffered attrition across 6 time points and the 2000 sample retained 66% of the original 1958 sample • Instead, the LS50s sample in 2001 contains 89% per cent of the original 1991 sample • Also, ‘refusal’ is not a cause for loss to follow up in the LS

  10. Economic activity 1991

  11. Academic qualifications 1991-2000/1

  12. Economic activity in 1991 and 2000/1

  13. Time in work and number of jobs held between 1991 and 2000

  14. Occupation 1991

  15. Transition tables across SOC90 Major Groups and NIW:NCDS women (cell percentages)

  16. Loglinear modelling of transition tables (men)

  17. Loglinear modelling of transition tables (men)

  18. Transitions with greatest effect in the lack of fit of Model 2 (St.Residual>=|1.96|) Notes: Only transitions with n>=50 in each dataset are included Sources: Authors’ analysis. ONS Longitudinal Study and NCDS

  19. The context: Occupational sex segregation in the period 1971-1981 1971 1981 1991 1996 2001 2001 (CO70) (CO80) (SOC90) (SOC90) (SOC2000) (SOC90) Census - - 0.78 - 0.69 - LFS - - 0.76 0.75 0.72 ONS LS 0.81 0.80 0.77 - 0.70 0.72 (no person imp.) Source: Blackwell, L. and D. Guinea-Martin (2005) ‘Occupational segregation by sex and ethnicity In England and Wales, 1991 to 2001’, in Labour Market Trends, Vol. 113, No. 12, pp. 501-516

  20. Occupational sex segregation in the NCDS & LS50s

  21. Overall occupational sex segregation in various quasi-cohorts drawn from the 1991 and 2001 Census

  22. Occupational movers and stayers

  23. Transitions across sex-typed occupations (occupational movers only)

  24. All female transitions across sex-typed occupations and non-work

  25. Conclusions - Methodological findings • NCDS and LS50s largely similar BUT • But attrition means that the NCDS sample for 1991-2000 slightly over-represents members with higher educational attainments. • However, the percentage of individuals who remained in the same occ. group is very similar. • Also similar results in terms of occ. segregation: the slight decline for this cohort is due to the move of women in continuous employment towards sex-atypical occupations. • Future work will use NCDS employment histories to look at individuals’ stability and transitions in sex-typed occupations depending on: • The sex-type of occupations • Individuals’ characteristics (sex, education, marital status, children, etc.) • The characteristics of individuals’ careers: continuous,interrupted…

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