Boundless Teaching Platform: Customizable Textbooks & Teaching Tools

1. Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

2. Using Boundless Presentations Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: • The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. http://boundless.com/teaching-platform • Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: educators@boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

3. About Boundless • Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

4. Independence in the Maghreb Post-Colonial Africa The Democratic Republic of the Congo Zimbabwe South Africa ] Egypt Post-Colonial Africa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

5. Post-Colonial Africa > Independence in the Maghreb Independence in the Maghreb • French West Africa's Move Toward Independence • The Algerian War of Independence • Moroccan Independence • The Libyan Arab Republic Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-colonial-africa-1448/independence-in-the-maghreb-1449/

6. Post-Colonial Africa > The Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo • Independence from Belgium • Lumumba and the Congo Crisis • Mobutu and Zaire • Cold War Politics in Zaire Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-colonial-africa-1448/the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-1454/

7. Post-Colonial Africa > Zimbabwe Zimbabwe • The Unilateral Declaration of Independence • The Bush War • Mugabe and the Republic of Zimbabwe Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-colonial-africa-1448/zimbabwe-1459/

8. Post-Colonial Africa > South Africa South Africa • Imperialism in South Africa • The Union of South Africa • Apartheid Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-colonial-africa-1448/south-africa-1463/

9. Post-Colonial Africa > Egypt Egypt • Egypt's First Revolution • British Involvement in Egypt Post-Independence • The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 • The United Arab Republic • Sadat and Cold War Influences Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/world-history/textbooks/boundless-world-history-textbook/post-colonial-africa-1448/egypt-1467/

10. Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

11. Post-Colonial Africa Key terms • "scorched earth"A military strategy that targets anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. Specifically, all of the assets that are used or can be used by the enemy are targeted, such as food sources, transportation, communications, industrial resources, and even the people in the area. • 2011 Libyan Civil WarAn armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya, fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government. • Afif al-BizriA Syrian career military officer who served as the chief of staff of the Syrian Army between 1957–1959. He was known for his communist sympathies and for spearheading the union movement between Syria and Egypt in 1958. • AfrikaansA West Germanic language spoken in South Africa, Namibia, and to a lesser extent, Botswana and Zimbabwe. It evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland (Hollandic dialect) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa, where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century. • AfrikanerA Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers who first arrived in the 17th and 18th centuries. • Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936A treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Egypt. Under the terms of the treaty, the United Kingdom was required to withdraw all its troops from Egypt except those necessary to protect the Suez Canal and its surroundings, numbering 10,000 troops plus auxiliary personnel. Additionally, the United Kingdom would supply and train Egypt's army and assist in its defense in case of war. • Anwar SadatThe third President of Egypt, serving from October 15, 1970 until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on October 6, 1981. He was a senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as President in 1970. • Arab nationalismA nationalist ideology celebrating the glories of Arab civilization and the language and literature of the Arabs, calling for rejuvenation and political union in the Arab world. Its central premise is that the peoples of the Arab world, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, constitute one nation bound together by common linguistic, cultural, religious, and historical heritage. One of its primary goals is the end of Western influence in the Arab world, seen as a "nemesis" of Arab strength, and the removal of Arab governments considered dependent upon Western power. • Atlantic CharterA pivotal policy statement issued on August 14, 1941, that defined the Allied goals for the post-WWII world, including no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; self-determination; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. • AuthenticitéAn official state ideology of the Mobutu regime that originated in the late 1960s and early 1970s, aimed at ridding the country of the lingering vestiges of colonialism and the continuing influence of Western culture and create a more centralized and singular national identity. • bantustansAlso known as "homeland," a territory set aside for black inhabitants of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) as part of the policy of apartheid. • BedouinA recent term in the Arabic language that is used commonly to refer to the people (Arabs and non-Arabs) who live or have descended from tribes who lived stationary or nomadic lifestyles outside cities and towns. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

12. Post-Colonial Africa • BoersThe Dutch and Afrikaans word for "farmer." As used in South Africa, it was used to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century. • Dutch East India CompanyA chartered company primarily in the spice trade founded in 1602. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The largest and most valuable corporation in history, it possessed quasi-governmental powers including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies. • détenteThe term is often used in reference to the general easing of the geopolitical tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969 as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War. • Force PubliqueA gendarmerie and military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of direct Belgian colonial rule and for a short time after independence. • Free Officers MovementA group of nationalist officers in the armed forces of Egypt and Sudan that instigated the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Originally established in 1945 as a cell within the Muslim Brotherhood under Abdel Moneim Abdel Raouf, it operated as a clandestine movement of junior officers during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Muhammad Naguib joined in 1949, after the war, and became their official leader during the turmoil leading up the revolution because of the hero status he had earned during the war and his influence in the army. • French SubjectsResidents of French colonies who unlike French citizens, lacked rights before the law, property ownership rights, and the rights to travel, dissent, or vote. • grand apartheidApartheid laws that dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. • guerrilla warfareA form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military. • Ian SmithA politician, farmer, and fighter pilot who served as Prime Minister of Rhodesia  from 1964 to 1979. The country's first premier not born abroad, he led the predominantly white government that unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1965, following prolonged dispute over the terms. He remained Prime Minister for almost all of the 14 years of international isolation that followed, and oversaw Rhodesia's security forces during most of the Bush War, which pitted the unrecognized administration against communist-backed black nationalist guerrilla groups. • infitahEgyptian President Anwar Sadat's economic policy of "opening the door" to private investment in Egypt in the years following the 1973 October War (Yom Kippur War) with Israel. It was accompanied by a break with longtime ally and aid-giver the USSR — replaced by the United States — and by a peace process with Israel symbolized by Sadat's dramatic flight to Jerusalem in 1977. • Internal SettlementAn agreement signed on March 3, 1978, between Prime Minister of Rhodesia Ian Smith and the moderate African nationalist leaders comprising Bishop Abel Muzorewa, Ndabaningi Sithole, and Senator Chief Jeremiah Chirau. The agreement led to the creation of an interim government in which Africans were included for the first time in Rhodesia. • Joseph-Désiré MobutuThe military dictator and President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which was renamed Zaire in 1971) from 1965 to 1997, who formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal wealth, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence while enjoying considerable support from the United States due to its anti-communist stance. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

13. Post-Colonial Africa • Khedivate of EgyptAn autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, established and ruled by the Muhammad Ali Dynasty following the defeat and expulsion of Napoleon Bonaparte's forces, which brought an end to the short-lived French occupation of Lower Egypt. • KhoikhoiA group of people native to southwestern Africa. Unlike the neighboring hunter-gatherer San people, they traditionally practiced nomadic pastoral agriculture. • King Leopold IIThe second King of the Belgians, known for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture. • Lancaster House AgreementNegotiations in 1980 that brought internationally recognized independence to Rhodesia (as the Republic of Zimbabwe) following Ian Smith's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965. • Mouvement National Congolais (MNC)A political party in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, founded in 1958 as a nationalist, pro-independence, united front organization dedicated to achieving independence "within a reasonable" time and bringing together members from various political backgrounds to achieve independence. • Muammar GaddafiA Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. A controversial and highly divisive world figure, he was decorated with various awards and lauded for both his anti-imperialist stance and his support for Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism. Conversely, he was internationally condemned as a dictator and autocrat whose authoritarian administration violated the human rights of Libyan citizens and supported irredentist movements, tribal warfare, and terrorism in many other nations. • NasserismA socialist Arab nationalist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egypt's second president and one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Spanning the domestic and international spheres, it combines elements of Arab socialism, republicanism, nationalism, anti-imperialism, developing-world solidarity, and international non-alignment. • National PartyA political party in South Africa founded in 1915 that first became the governing party of the country in 1924. The policies of the party included apartheid, the establishment of a republic, and the promotion of Afrikaner culture. • Nelson MandelaA South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, politician, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalized racism and fostering racial reconciliation. • non-alignedA group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc, especially during the Cold War. • Pan-ArabismAn ideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation. Its popularity was at its height during the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused socialist principles and strongly opposed Western political involvement in the Arab world. It also sought to empower Arab states from outside forces by forming alliances and to a lesser extent, economic cooperation. • Patrice LumumbaCongolese independence leader and the first democratically elected leader of the Congo as prime minister. As founder and leader of the mainstream Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party, he played an important role in campaigning for independence from Belgium. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

14. Post-Colonial Africa • petty apartheidApartheid laws that segregated public facilities and social events. • Pieds-NoirsA term referring to Christian and Jewish people whose families migrated from all parts of the Mediterranean to French Algeria, the French protectorate in Morocco, or the French protectorate of Tunisia, where many lived for several generations before being expelled at the end of French rule in North Africa between 1956 and 1962. • ProtectorateA dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while still retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state. • protectorateA dependent territory that has been granted local autonomy and some independence while retaining the suzerainty of a greater sovereign state. Unlike colonies, they have local rulers and experience rare cases of immigration of settlers from the country it has suzerainty of. • proxy conflictA conflict between two states or non-state actors where neither entity directly engages the other. While this can encompass a breadth of armed confrontation, its core definition hinges on two separate powers utilizing external strife to somehow attack the interests or territorial holdings of the other. • RhodesiaAn unrecognised state in southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territorial terms to modern Zimbabwe. • Rhodesian Bush WarA civil war from July 1964 to December 1979 in the unrecognized country of Rhodesia (later Zimbabwe-Rhodesia). The conflict pitted three forces against one another: the Rhodesian government under Ian Smith (later the Zimbabwe Rhodesian government of Bishop Abel Muzorewa); the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army, the military wing of Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union; and the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army of Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union. • Rif WarAlso called the Second Moroccan War, this war was fought in the early 1920s between the colonial power Spain (later joined by France) and the Berbers of the Rif mountainous region. • Saad ZaghlulAn Egyptian revolutionary and statesman who led Egypt's nationalist Wafd Party. In 1919 he led an official Egyptian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference demanding that the United Kingdom formally recognize the independence and unity of Egypt and Sudan, and was exiled by the British government in response. He served as Egypt's first Prime Minister from January 26, 1924, to November 24, 1924, after independence from Britain. • scramble for AfricaThe invasion, occupation, division, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914. • South Africa Act 1909An Act of the British Parliament which created the Union of South Africa from the British colonies of the Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Orange River Colony, and Transvaal. • Suez CanalAn artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. It offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, reducing the journey by approximately 4,300 miles. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

15. Post-Colonial Africa • Suez CrisisAn invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power. After the fighting started, political pressure from the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations led to a withdrawal by the three invaders. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser. • Syrian Crisis of 1957A period of severe diplomatic confrontations during the Cold War that involved Syria and the Soviet Union on one hand and the United States and its allies, including Turkey and the Baghdad Pact, on the other. The tensions began on August 18 when the Syrian government presided by Shukri al-Quwatli made a series of provocative institutional changes, such as the appointment of Col. Afif al-Bizri as chief-of-staff of the Syrian Army, alleged by Western governments to be a Soviet sympathizer. • Wind of ChangeA historically significant address made by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa on February 3, 1960, in Cape Town. He spent a month in Africa visiting a number of what were then British colonies. The speech signaled clearly that the Conservative-led British Government intended to grant independence to many of these territories, which happened subsequently in the 1960s. • Zimbabwe African National UnionA militant organization that fought against the white minority government in Rhodesia, which won the 1980 elections under the leadership of Robert Mugabe. • Émile JanssensA Belgian military officer and colonial official, best known for his command of the Force Publique at the start of the Congo Crisis. • évoluésA French term used during the colonial era to refer to a native African or Asian who had "evolved" by becoming Europeanised through education or assimilation and accepted European values and patterns of behavior. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

16. Post-Colonial Africa Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Egyptian women demonstrating during the revolution of 1919. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."800px-Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919#/media/File:Cairo-Demonstrations1919.jpgView on Boundless.com

17. Post-Colonial Africa Dutch Settlement in South Africa Painting of an account of the arrival of Jan van Riebeeck, by Charles Bell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Charles_Bell_-_Jan_van_Riebeeck_se_aankoms_aan_die_Kaap.jpgView on Boundless.com

18. Post-Colonial Africa Robert Mugabe Prime Minister Mugabe in 1982. At the time of his 1980 election victory, Mugabe was widely acclaimed as a revolutionary hero who was embracing racial reconciliation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mugabe_1982_c.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe#/media/File:Mugabe_1982_c.jpgView on Boundless.com

19. Post-Colonial Africa Boer Wars Boer women and children in a concentration camp. The discoveries of diamonds and gold led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and imperial Britain, who fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Boercamp1.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Boercamp1.jpgView on Boundless.com

20. Post-Colonial Africa The First Union Cabinet General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union and followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Botha_gouvernment_1910.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa#/media/File:Botha_gouvernment_1910.jpgView on Boundless.com

21. Post-Colonial Africa Petty Apartheid Sign reserving a Natal beach "for the sole use of members of the white race group," in English, Afrikaans, and Zulu. Acts passed under petty apartheid were meant to separate nonwhites from daily life. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."DurbanSign1989.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid#/media/File:DurbanSign1989.jpgView on Boundless.com

22. Post-Colonial Africa Nasser with Syrian Delegation Nasser shaking hands with al-Bizri. Afif al-Bizri, the Syrian army's chief of staff, spearheaded the union with Egypt. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nasser_with_Syrian_Delegation.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic#/media/File:Nasser_with_Syrian_Delegation.jpgView on Boundless.com

23. Post-Colonial Africa Bantustans in South Africa A key act of legislation during Apartheid was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. It authorized the forced removals of thousands of African people from urban centers in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes." Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."809px-Bantustans_in_South_Africa.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid#/media/File:Bantustans_in_South_Africa.svgView on Boundless.com

24. Post-Colonial Africa British Infantry near El Alamein, 17 July 1942 During World War II, British troops used Egypt as a base for Allied operations throughout the region. The British maintained a significant presence in Egypt, even after the latter's formal independence in 1922. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."1stAlameinBritDefense.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt#/media/File:1stAlameinBritDefense.jpgView on Boundless.com

25. Post-Colonial Africa The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 Prime Minister Gamal Abdel Nasser (right) and President Muhammad Naguib (right) in an open-top automobile during celebrations marking the second anniversary of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nasser_and_Naguib,_1954.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952#/media/File:Nasser_and_Naguib,_1954.jpgView on Boundless.com

26. Post-Colonial Africa Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat was the third President of Egypt, serving from October 15, 1970, until his assassination by fundamentalist army officers on October 6, 1981. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Anwar_Sadat_cropped.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat#/media/File:Anwar_Sadat_cropped.jpgView on Boundless.com

27. Post-Colonial Africa French West Africa A "Section Chief" in the building of the Dakar–Niger Railway, pushed by African workers, Kayes, Mali, 1904 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa#/media/File:Chef_de_section_Chemin_de_fer_Kayes-Niger_1904.jpgView on Boundless.com

28. Post-Colonial Africa Guerilla Warfare Muslim civilians killed by the FLN, March 22, 1956 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."22_Mars_1956_SEDDOUK.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War#/media/File:22_Mars_1956_SEDDOUK.jpgView on Boundless.com

29. Post-Colonial Africa Algerian War French forces killed Algerian rebels, December 1954 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Moudjahidine_abattus_decembre_1954_9e_zouave.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War#/media/File:Moudjahidine_abattus_decembre_1954_9e_zouave.jpgView on Boundless.com

30. Post-Colonial Africa Rif Rebellion Abd al-Karim boarding a train in Fez on his way to exile after the Rif Rebellion was defeated in 1925. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Abd_el-Krim,_Fes_1926.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_el-Krim#/media/File:Abd_el-Krim,_Fes_1926.jpgView on Boundless.com

31. Post-Colonial Africa Flag of Morocco Morocco gained independence from France and Spain in 1956 and became the Kingdom of Morocco, a constitutional monarchy led by King Mohammed V. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco#/media/File:Flag_of_Morocco.svgView on Boundless.com

32. Post-Colonial Africa Libyan Revolution of 1969 Muammar Gaddafi at an Arab summit in Libya in 1969, shortly after the September Revolution that toppled King Idris I. Gaddafi sits in military uniform in the middle, surrounded by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (left) and Syrian President Nureddin al-Atassi (right). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi#/media/File:Nasser_Qaddafi_Atassi_1969.jpgView on Boundless.com

33. Post-Colonial Africa Force Publique Force Publique soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 African soldiers, led by 420 white officers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."440px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#/media/File:Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpgView on Boundless.com

34. Post-Colonial Africa Independence from Belgium Patrice Lumumba, leader of the MNC and first Prime Minister, pictured in Brussels at the Round Table Conference of 1960. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Anefo_910-9741_De_Congolese.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis#/media/File:Anefo_910-9741_De_Congolese.jpgView on Boundless.com

35. Post-Colonial Africa The Death of Lumumba Pro-Lumumba demonstrators in Maribor, Yugoslavia in February 1961. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_(3).jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba#/media/File:Protestno_zborovanje_v_Mariboru_ob_umoru_kongovskega_predsednika_Patricea_Lumumbe_1961_(3).jpgView on Boundless.com

36. Post-Colonial Africa Prince Bernhard and Mobutu Sese Seko Mobutu Sese Seko with the Dutch Prince Bernhard in 1973. It was also around this time that he assumed his classic image—abacost, thick-framed glasses, walking stick and leopard-skin toque. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#/media/File:Prince_Bernhard_and_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_1973.jpgView on Boundless.com

37. Post-Colonial Africa Mobutu and Nixon Mobutu Sese Seko and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., October 1973. Mobutu enjoyed warm relations with the United States during the Cold War, receiving substantial financial aid despite criticism of his human rights abuses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Mobutu_Nixon.gif."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko#/media/File:Mobutu_Nixon.gifView on Boundless.com

38. Post-Colonial Africa Lancaster House Agreement Bishop Abel Muzorewa signs the Lancaster House Agreement in 1980 seated next to British Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Lancaster-House-Agreement.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe#/media/File:Lancaster-House-Agreement.pngView on Boundless.com

39. Post-Colonial Africa Unilateral Declaration of Independence A photograph of the proclamation document announcing the Rhodesian government's Unilateral Declaration of Independence ("UDI") from the United Kingdom, created during early November 1965 and signed on 11 November 1965. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Rhodesian_UDI_document.jpeg."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence#/media/File:Rhodesian_UDI_document.jpegView on Boundless.com

40. Post-Colonial Africa The Bush War Two soldiers of the Rhodesian African Rifles aboard a patrol boat on Lake Kariba, December 1976. Black Rhodesians made up most of the government's Security Forces, but some units were all-white. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Rhodesian_African_Rifles,_Lake_Kariba,_December_1976,_3.png."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War#/media/File:Rhodesian_African_Rifles,_Lake_Kariba,_December_1976,_3.pngView on Boundless.com

41. Post-Colonial Africa Attribution • Wikipedia."French West Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_West_Africa • Wikipedia."Decolonisation of Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa • Wikipedia."French colonial empire."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire • Wikipedia."Torture during the Algerian War of Independence."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War_of_Independence • Wikipedia."Algerian War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War • Wikipedia."French protectorate in Morocco."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco • Wikipedia."Morocco."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco • Wikipedia."Muammar Gaddafi."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi • Wikipedia."Libya."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya • Wikipedia."History of Libya."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Libya • Wikipedia."Democratic Republic of the Congo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo • Wikipedia."Colonization of the Congo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Congo • Wikipedia."Congo Crisis."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis • Wikipedia."Patrice Lumumba."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba • Wikipedia."Congo Crisis."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis • Wikipedia."Authenticité."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticite_(Zaire) • Wikipedia."Democratic Republic of the Congo."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

42. Post-Colonial Africa • Wikipedia."Mobutu Sese Seko."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko • Wikipedia."Congo Crisis."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis • Wikipedia."Mobutu Sese Seko."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko • Wikipedia."Foreign policy of the Mobutu Sese Seko administration."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Mobutu_Sese_Seko_administration • Wikipedia."Cold War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War • Wikipedia."Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence • Wikipedia."Zimbabwe."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe • Wikipedia."Zimbabwe."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe • Wikipedia."Rhodesian Bush War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War • Wikipedia."Zimbabwe."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe • Wikipedia."Robert Mugabe."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe • Wikipedia."History of South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia."South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa#History • Wikipedia."Union of South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia."History of South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia."South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa • Wikipedia."History of South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Africa • Wikipedia."Apartheid."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid • Wikipedia."South Africa."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

43. Post-Colonial Africa • Wikipedia."Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt • Wikipedia."Egyptian revolution of 1919."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919 • Wikipedia."History of Egypt under the British."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British • Wikipedia."Kingdom of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of the Republic of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Egypt • Wikipedia."Arab nationalism."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_nationalism • Wikipedia."Egyptian revolution of 1952."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1952 • Wikipedia."United Arab Republic."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Republic • Wikipedia."History of modern Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat • Wikipedia."Cold War."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War • Wikipedia."History of modern Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Egypt • Wikipedia."History of the Republic of Egypt."CC BY-SA 3.0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Egypt Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com