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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Managing Memory. You Will Learn…. About the different kinds of physical memory and how they work How to upgrade and troubleshoot memory About Windows memory management. RAM on the Motherboard. Loses all data when PC is turned off (except data stored on CMOS chip) Two categories

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Managing Memory

  2. You Will Learn… • About the different kinds of physical memory and how they work • How to upgrade and troubleshoot memory • About Windows memory management A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  3. RAM on the Motherboard • Loses all data when PC is turned off (except data stored on CMOS chip) • Two categories • Static RAM (SRAM) • Fast • Used as a memory cache • Dynamic RAM (DRAM) • Slower; requires constant refreshing A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  4. DRAM A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  5. SRAM A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  6. Memory Technologies A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  7. How SRAM Is Used in Different Memory Caches A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  8. How Memory Caching Works A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  9. Dynamic RAM Technologies • Stored on DIMM, RIMM, or SIMM modules (plug directly into motherboard) • Differences among these modules: • Width of data path that each type accommodates • The way data moves from system bus to module A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  10. Examples of Memory Modules A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  11. DRAM Technologies A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  12. DRAM Technologies (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  13. DRAM • SIMM technologies • Can use either EDO or FPM technology • DIMM technologies • Can use either BEDO (burst EDO) or synchronous RAM (SDRAM) • RIMM technologies • Each socket must be filled to maintain continuity A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  14. Identifying the DIMM Module A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  15. RIMM Technologies A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  16. Error Checking and Parity • Parity • Error-checking procedure in which every byte has an even number of ones or an odd number of ones • Older method of testing integrity of bits • Stored in RAM or secondary medium • Sent over a communications device • Error-correcting code (ECC) • Current method of error checking that can detect and correct an error in a single bit A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  17. Parity A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  18. Other Memory Features • CAS (column access strobe) latency • RAS (row access strobe) latency • Both CAS and RAS refer to the number of clock cycles it takes to write or read a column or row of data A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  19. Memory Speeds: Factors to Consider • Speed of memory in ns, MHz, or PC rating • How much memory is installed • Memory technology used • CL rating • ECC/parity or non-ECC/nonparity A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  20. Factors That Contribute to Memory Speed A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  21. Upgrading Memory • What to look for when buying memory chips and modules • How much and what kind of memory to buy • Reading ads about memory modules • Installing memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  22. What to Look for When Buying Memory Chips and Modules • Use type, size, density, and fastest speed supported by the motherboard • Match tin leads to tin connectors and gold leads to gold connectors • Beware of remanufactured and re-marked memory chips A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  23. How Much and What Kind of Memory to Buy • Determine how much memory you have and need • Identify the number, type, and size of memory modules supported by your motherboard • Determine how much memory can you afford • Match memory modules to the motherboard A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  24. Using Motherboard Documentation to Select Memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  25. Using Motherboard Documentation to Select Memory (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  26. RDRAM Memory Configuration A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  27. Installing Memory • Protect chips against static electricity • Usually modules pop into place easily and are secured by spring catches on both ends A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  28. Installing a SIMM Module A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  29. Installing a DIMM Module A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  30. Installing a DIMM Module (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  31. Installing a RIMM Module A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  32. Troubleshooting Memory • What to do if the computer does not recognize new SIMMs, DIMMs, or RIMMs, or memory error messages appear • Recurring errors during normal operations can mean unreliable memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  33. Windows Memory Management • Evolution of OS memory management • Windows 9x memory management • Windows NT/2000/XP memory management A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  34. Evolution of OS Memory Management • DOS and Windows 9x • Complicated; must deal with conventional, upper, and extended memory for backward compatibility • Windows NT/2000/NT • Eliminates complexity; memory is simply memory; all memory addresses are used the same way • Causes loss of backward compatibility A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  35. Division of Memory Under DOS and Windows 9x A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  36. Assignment of Windows 9x Memory Addresses A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  37. How Memory Addresses Are Used A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  38. How Memory Addresses Are Used (continued) A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  39. Memory Management Evolution A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  40. Windows 9x Memory Management • Views and manages memory addresses as DOS did • Runs in protected mode and uses virtual memory; does a better job managing extended memory than DOS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  41. How Windows 9x and DOS Manage Memory Addressing A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  42. Windows 9x and DOS Utilities That Manage Memory • Himem.sys • Device driver for all memory above 640K • Emm386.exe • Contains software that loads device drivers and other programs into upper memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  43. Using Himem.sys A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  44. Using Emm386.exe A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  45. Creating and Using Upper Memory Blocks A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  46. How Windows 9x Manages Virtual Memory • Automates virtual memory management • Stores virtual memory in swap file and manages that memory for application programs • Controlled by the VMM (memory paging) • Symptoms of excessive memory paging • Very high CPU use • Very slow system response • Constant hard drive use A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  47. Windows NT/2000/XP Memory Management A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  48. How Windows 2000/XP Manages Virtual Memory • Default size of paging file is set to 1.5 times amount of RAM installed • Guidelines for managing paging files • Set initial and maximum size of file to same value • Balance file size with disk space usage • Move paging file to a volume other than boot volume • Remember that memory dumps cannot be captured if the paging file is on a different physical disk from the OS A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

  49. Summary • Memory • Required in order for a system to work • Stored on microchips, which are often stored on memory modules (SIMMs, DIMMS, RIMMs) • Adding more memory can improve system performance • How DOS, Windows 9x, and Windows NT/2000/XP manage memory A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

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