Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)

1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed) Chapter 16 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Fact vs. Falsehood • 1. the American Psychiatric Association believes smoking can be a symptom of a psychological disorder. • 2. In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. • 3. About 30 % of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. • 4. Research indicates that in the U.S. there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country’s hospitals. • 5. Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop the same phobias. • 6. In North America, today’s young adults are three times as likely as their grandparents to report having experienced depression. • 7. White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as black Americans do. • 8. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia. • 9. There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. • 10. An estimated one in six Americans suffers a clinically significant mental disorder.

3. What is Normal???? • What does everyone else do? • Can you get along in the world? • Are you making progress toward self-actualization? “If we weren’t all crazy, we’d go insane”

4. Psychological Disorders • Psychological Disorder Criteria • a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be: • atypical--not enough in itself • disturbing--varies with time and culture • maladaptive--harmful • unjustifiable--sometimes there’s a good reason

5. Historical Perspective • Perceived Causes • movements of sun or moon • lunacy--full moon • evil spirits • Ancient Treatments • exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

7. Theories • Medical Model • concept that diseases have physical causes • can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured • assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

8. Theories • Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective • assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders

9. Psychological Disorders

10. Etiology • DSM-IV • American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) • a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders • presently distributed as DSM-IV-TR (text revision) • Criticized: • Too broad • Too arbitrary • labels

11. Descriptions: Essential features define Associated features extras Differential diagnosis Tell disorders apart Diagnostic criteria List of symptoms AXIS I: current symptoms II: long-standing disorders III: related medical conditions IV: current stress level V: relationships with people, on the job, and in leisure time DSM - IV

12. Etiology • Neurotic Disorder (term seldom used now) • usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially • Psychotic Disorder • person loses contact with reality • experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

13. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

14. Anxiety Disorders • Panic Disorder • marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

15. Anxiety Disorders • Phobia • persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

16. Anxiety Disorders • Common and uncommon fears

17. Anxiety Disorders

18. Anxiety Disorders: Causes • environmental • Fear conditioning • Observational learning • Biological • Natural selection • Genes • physiology

19. Anxiety Disorders • PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder • High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

20. Mood Disorders • Mood Disorders • characterized by emotional extremes • Major Depressive Disorder • a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

21. Mood Disorders • Manic Episode • a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state • SAD (Seasonal Affectiveness Disorder) • Bipolar Disorder • a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania • formerly called manic-depressive disorder

22. Mood Disorders-Depression

23. Mood Disorders-Depression • Canadian depression rates

24. Mood Disorders- Suicide

25. Depressed state Manic state Depressed state Mood Disorders-Bipolar • PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches

26. Mood Disorders-Depression • Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others

27. Mood Disorders-Depression • The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

28. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings • Dissociative Amnesia and Fugee • Loss of memory of identity • Dissociative Identity Disorder • rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities • formerly called multiple personality disorder

29. Schizophrenia • Schizophrenia • literal translation “split mind” • a group of severe disorders characterized by: • disorganized and delusional thinking • disturbed perceptions • inappropriate emotions and actions

30. Schizophrenia • Delusions • false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders • Hallucinations • sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

31. Schizophrenia

32. Schizophrenia

33. Schizophrenia

34. Abnormalities in brain development Over activity of dopamine Unusual brain anatomy Genetic predisposition triggers Flu epidemic while in the womb Dense populations Born during winter and spring months Summer and fall in the Southern Hemisphere Mother sick with flu while pregnant Any viral infection while pregnant Schizophrenia: Causes

35. Personality Disorders • Personality Disorders • disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning • usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions • Antisocial Personality Disorder • disorder in which the person (usually man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members • may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

36. Mood Disorders-Depression • Boys who were later convicted of a crime showed relatively low arousal

37. Murderer Normal Personality Disorders • PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex

38. Rates of Psychological Disorders

39. Other Disorders to review PTSD Tourettes Syndrome Autism Impulse Control Disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder