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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Legislatures and Executives. Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices 2e By Lowell Barrington. Learning Objectives. Identify the main tasks of a legislative branch. Identify the main tasks of a political executive.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Legislatures and Executives Comparative Politics: Structures and Choices 2e By Lowell Barrington

  2. Learning Objectives • Identify the main tasks of a legislative branch. • Identify the main tasks of a political executive. • Discuss the main features, advantages, and disadvantages of a parliamentary system, a presidential system, and a semi-presidential system. • Describe the executive and legislative arrangements in the TIC cases.

  3. Selection of the Chief Executive and Formation of the Government The head of state selects the prime minister of the political system based on the results of parliamentary elections The new prime minister then forms and heads “the government” Separation of Head of Government and Head of State The head of state is normally weaker than the head of government Parliamentary Systems

  4. Irregular Intervals Between Elections and Votes of Confidence The Opposition Shadow governments Give voters a sense of what to expect if opposition wins the next election Advantages of Parliamentary Systems Efficiency in passing legislation Clearer accountability for voters Disadvantages of Parliamentary Systems Instability Concentration of power and hasty decisions Parliamentary Systems

  5. Is the lack of fixed terms in parliamentary systems a good thing or a bad thing? Why? Think and Discuss

  6. Direct Election of the Chief Executive Electoral college Fixed Terms for the Executive and Legislature Separation of Powers and Checks & Balances Impeachment Fusion of the Head of State and Head of Government The Potential for Divided Government Presidential Systems

  7. Advantages of Presidential Systems A check on the “majority rule” aspect of legislatures A national mandate Disadvantages of Presidential Systems The difficulty of removing an unpopular president. The propensity for gridlock Creeping authoritarianism Presidential Systems

  8. Combine Basic Characteristics of Parliamentary and Presidential Systems Advantages of Semipresidential Systems Providing cover for the president The ability to remove unpopular prime ministers with the stability of fixed terms Additional checks and balances Disadvantages of Semipresidential Systems Confusion about accountability Confusion and inefficiency in the legislative process Semipresidential Systems

  9. Tasks of Legislatures Legislating Authorizing Government Spending Constituency Service/Omsbuds Activities Selection, Approval, and Removal of Government Officials Oversight of the Executive Legislatures

  10. Number of Members Length of Terms Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures The Power of Legislative Committees Standing committees Ad hoc committees Other Aspects of Legislatures

  11. Domestic Politics Tasks of Executives Implementing Policies and Supervising the Bureaucracy Cabinet Coordinating Policy Development and Budgets Foreign Policy Tasks of Executives Leads the state in matters of foreign affairs, engaging in diplomatic efforts, treaty negotiations, and decisions about the use of military force. The Executive

  12. What is the most important power common to political executives? Why is it so important? Think and Discuss

  13. Topic in Countries • The United Kingdom • Considered the model of parliamentary democracy; prime minister is head of government; the monarch is head of state but has little real power • House of Commons is center of legislative power; parliamentary supremacy concept; prime minister usually has a sizeable majority in Commons • Prime minister is the chief executive and most important political figure

  14. Topic in Countries • Germany • German parliamentary system disperses central government power and limits executive authority; chancellor is head of government; weak president is head of state • Legislature is Bicameral; the make-up of the Bundestag (lower house) determines the chancellor; Bundesrat (the upper house) has a great deal of power • Chancellor has the real power; president is seen as generally ceremonial and “above politics”

  15. Topic in Countries • India • Parliamentary and federal, but strong central government; prime minister is head of government; the president is head of state but has limited powers • Legislature is bicameral; Lok Sabha (lower house) is somewhat more important than the Rajya Sabha (upper house), but protests in the Lok Sabha that delay legislation are common • Prime minister is the head of the government and exercises mostly formal rather than real powers

  16. Topic in Countries • Mexico • Prior to liberalization, few real checks on president’s power; today, legislature functions as a significant check on the president • The Congress is bicameral (Chamber of Deputies and Senate); most bills must pass both houses • President used to dominate the system; today, bargaining and compromise are needed

  17. Topic in Countries • Brazil • In theory, the president is powerful; in practice, the legislature is so divided that presidents struggle to pass legislation • Bicameral legislature; uses its power to oversee the executive and judiciary • The president has broad executive powers but also can issue “provisional measures” with the force of law; unlike in Mexico, the president can be reelected

  18. Juan Linz saw parliamentary systems as superior to presidential ones Drew on his experiences observing countries like Brazil Linz saw presidential systems as too rigid “zero-sum” Brazil’s system has been far from perfect But, Brazil tried a parliamentary system in the past without success Corruption remains a problem, but corrupt leaders like former President Collar were removed constitutionally In Theory and PracticeBrazil and Theories about Presidential Systems

  19. Topic in Countries • Nigeria • Presidential system since 1979; presidents must have multi-regional support to be elected • Legislature is bicameral (House of Representatives and Senate); president’s party controls both houses so potential to check presidential power goes unrealized • Powerful president; electoral rules for the president and rules for the make-up of the cabinet produce a national, rather than regional executive

  20. Donald Horowitz Criticized Linz’s Portrayal of Presidential Systems Horowitz also argued that parliamentary systems did not work in many African and Asian cases Key is to design a presidential system correctly Nigeria System Has Been Far From Perfect Did design the presidential system to foster unity Ultimately, Nigeria shows that both parliamentary and presidential systems struggle when economic and social structures create instability In Theory and PracticeNigeria and Theories about Presidential Systems

  21. The debates over the merits and limitations of presidential and parliamentary systems are presented in the context of developing countries with relatively new democracies. Some scholars have raised similar questions about countries like the United States. How different would American politics be if the United States had a parliamentary system instead of a presidential one? Think and Discuss

  22. Topic in Countries • Russia • From 1993 to 2008, president much more powerful than prime minister; with Putin as prime minister, balance has shifted • Bicameral legislature; the Duma (lower house) is the more powerful; controlled by Putin’s party • Prime minister position had been unstable, serving at the pleasure of the president; this changed with Putin as P.M.

  23. Topic in Countries • China • As official government positions took on greater importance after Deng Xiaoping, positions of premier and, especially, president became central to the governing of China • Unicameral legislature (National People’s Congress); traditionally, it simply rubber-stamped executive policies; officially selects the president and confirms the premier • President formulates foreign policy;premier is seen as having more say over domestic policy; President Hu Jintao seen as China’s paramount leader

  24. Topic in Countries • Iran • Is presidential because of directly elected president and the lack of a prime minister responsible to the Majles; but, Supreme Leader has the real authority • Unicameral legislature (Majles); candidates must be approved by Council of Guardians; many pro-reform candidates prevented from running • Dual executive, with the Supreme Leader being much more important than the president

  25. Theory of “Going Public” Proposed by Sam Kernell Highlight’s the president’s use of media to push certain policies Can It Apply to a Nondemocratic Case Like Iran? Iran’s president more constrained than in a democracy But former President Khatami took his message to the people; it helped him push forward, somewhat, with reforms In Theory and PracticeIran and the Theory of “Going Public”

  26. Which of the countries examined in the TIC sections have the most interesting relations between the executive and legislative branches? Why? Think and Discuss

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