Principles of Ecology

1. Principles of Ecology By Mr. K

2. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Energy in an Ecosystem • __________________ E.g. : __________ • Organism that collects energy from sunlight or inorganic substances to produce food • _____________ • Organism that gets it energy requirements by consuming other organisms. • Predation is a feature of heterotrophs A lynx is a heterotroph.

3. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem • _________________ eat fragments of dead matter in an ecosystem, and return nutrients to the soil, • air, and water where the nutrients can be reused by organisms. Fungus

4. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Models of Energy Flow • Food chains and food webs model the energy flow through an ecosystem. • Each step in a food chain or food web is called a ________________.

5. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem __________________ • A _____________ is a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

6. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem __________________ • A ______________is a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms.

7. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem ________________________ • A diagram that can show the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an organism

8. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter Cycles in the Biosphere • Energy is transformed into usable forms to support the functions of an ecosystem. • The cycling of _____________ in the biosphere involves both ____________ in living organisms and physical processes found in the environment such as weathering.

9. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter _____________ the layer of gases above the Earth ______________ the hard part of Earth’s surface ______________ all the water found on Earth _______________ the regions of Earth where organisms live

10. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter Chemicals that are needed by living things and are continually cycled through ecosystems • H2O • C • N • P _____________

11. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter The Water Cycle

12. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Approximately ____of water vapor evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers; ___ evaporates from the surface of plants through a process called ______________. • ____________ constitutes only about ____ of all water on Earth. • About ____of all freshwater is found in _____________________.

13. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter The Carbon and Oxygen Cycles

14. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 ______________is the process green plants use to remove ______ in the air with the help of __________ , and release _____. Reaction: _________________is the process plants and animals use to release ____ and _______________ Reaction:

15. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • ________and _________often make up molecules essential for life. • Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through living organisms.

16. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter Long-term Cycle • Organic matter converted to peat, coal, oil, or gas deposits (carbon) • Calcium carbonate (carbon and oxygen) Short-term Cycle • Burning fossil fuels (carbon)

17. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Approximately _____of the Earth’s atmosphere is composed of nitrogen gas, N2. • Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and ____ • Neither plants or animals can obtain nitrogen from the atmosphere. It must be supplied in another form, the nitrate ion, _____ . Nitrogen

18. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter The Nitrogen Cycle • The capture and conversion of nitrogen into a form that is useable by plants is called ___________.

19. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Nitrogen enters the food web when plants absorb nitrogen compounds from soil. • Consumers get nitrogen by eating plants or animals that contain nitrogen.

20. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter _________________ • Nitrogen is returned to the soil in several ways: • Animals urinate. • Organisms die. • Bacteria convert ammonia into nitrogen compounds and nitrogen gas is released back to the atmosphere.

21. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Phosphorus is a key element in _____, cell membranes and DNA. • It is found in _______ in the form of phosphate ions, _______. • During rock erosion, phosphates are dissolved in water and are washed into rivers, streams and oceans. Phosphorus

22. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • As crops are harvested, the valuable nitrogen and phosphorus in plants are removed and cannot be returned to the soil. Agriculture and Nutrients

23. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • A fertilizer is a material used to replace nutrients to plants, usually for the purpose of increasing farming production. Agriculture and Nutrients

24. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • The nutrients can runoff into local water systems or seep into groundwater causing algal bloom. • When the algae die, the population of decomposers increases , causing less oxygen in the water and aquatic organisms may die. Agriculture and Nutrients

25. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter • Dying animals make the problem worse! • Decomposers begin to recycle the matter from the dead fish, allowing the populations of bacteria to grow even larger, and use even more oxygen! Agriculture and Nutrients

26. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter The Phosphorus Cycle

27. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 2.3 Cycling of Matter Short-term Cycle • Phosphorus is cycled from the soil to producers and then from the producers to consumers. Long-term Cycle • Weathering or erosion of rocks that contain phosphorus slowly adds phosphorus to the cycle.

28. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 CDQ 1 Chapter Diagnostic Questions The act of one organism consuming another organism for food is _______. predation parasitism commensalism mutualism

29. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 CDQ 2 Chapter Diagnostic Questions • A • B • C • D Identify how energy flows through an ecosystem in a typical food chain. from an autotroph to a heterotroph from a heterotroph to an autotroph from a carnivore to an herbivore from an omnivore to an herbivore

30. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 CDQ 3 Chapter Diagnostic Questions • A • B • C • D What is a chemical substance that an organism must obtain from its environment to survive? biomass energy matter nutrient

31. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 1 2.1 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Which are biotic factors in a forest environment? plants and microscopic organisms living pH and salt concentration of the soil sunlight, soil type and soil nutrients temperature, air currents and rainfall

32. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 2 2.1 Formative Questions What is the name for a group of interacting populations that occupy the same area at the same time? • A • B • C • D ecosystem habitat biological community biotic collection

33. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 3 2.1 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Which defines habitat? all of the biotic factors in an ecosystem an area where an organism lives an area in which various species interact the role or position that an organism has

34. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 4 2.2 Formative Questions What type of organism is the foundation of all ecosystems? • A • B • C • D autotroph herbivore heterotroph decomposer

35. Principles of Ecology They feed on fragments of dead plants and animals They feed on organisms by releasing digestive enzymes. They get energy from inorganic substances to make food. They use chlorophyll to capture energy from the sun. Chapter 2 FQ 5 2.2 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D How do detritivores obtain their energy in an ecosystem?

36. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 6 2.2 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Which type of organism exists at all trophic levels except the first trophic level? carnivores herbivores autotrophs heterotrophs

37. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 7 2.3 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D What type of organism returns nutrients to an ecosystem? decomposer primary producer secondary producer top level consumer

38. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 8 2.3 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D What type of scientist studies water found underground, in the atmosphere, and on the surface of the earth? biochemist ecologist geologist hydrologist

39. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 9 2.3 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Which biogeochemical cycle involves evaporation, transpiration, precipitationand runoff? carbon cycle nitrogen cycle phosphorus cycle water cycle

40. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 FQ 10 2.3 Formative Questions • A • B • C • D Which process in this cycle converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates? photosynthesis respiration combustion of fossil fuels deposition of dead material

41. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 CAQ 1 Chapter Assessment Questions Use the diagram to compare and contrast biotic and abiotic factors. Give examples of each.

42. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 CAQ 3 Chapter Assessment Questions Use the image below to explain how decomposers supply phosphorus to soil, groundwater, oceans, lakes, ponds, and rivers.

43. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 CAQ 5 Chapter Assessment Questions The diagram shows how carbon cycles through the environment. Describe how photosynthesis is involved in the carbon cycle.

44. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 STP 1 Standardized Test Practice In what type of activity would you most expect an ecologist to be involved? • A • B • C • D identifying and classifying various species of insects in an ecosystem locating fossils of distinct species of turtles in a geographical area observing the relationships that woodpeckers have with other species in their environment studying the internal organs of a seal to learn how it survives in its environment

45. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 STP 2 Standardized Test Practice Certain types of tropical orchids use trees for support in order to grow higher and obtain more light. This neither harms nor benefits the tree. What type of symbiotic relationship is this? • A • B • C • D commensalism competition mutualism parasitism

46. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 STP 3 Standardized Test Practice If an ecologist finds that the long-tailed weasels have disappeared from the desert community, she should conclude that there will be a decrease in the population of coyotes. • A • B true false

47. Principles of Ecology It is consumed by It consumes It is a third-level snakes. grasshoppers. consumer. It consumes both grasshoppers and snakes. Chapter 2 STP 4 Standardized Test Practice Why is this mouse classified as an omnivore? • A • B • C • D

48. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2 STP 5 Standardized Test Practice Which process returns nitrogen to the food web? • A • B • C • D decomposition denitrification nitrification nitrogen fixation