The chemists tools

1. The chemists tools Elements and the periodic table

2. Elements • Pure substances that cannot be separated into different substances by ordinary processes • Are the building blocks of matter • 120 elements known today Examples: carbon gold calcium

3. Symbols of Elements • Use 1 or 2 letter abbreviations • Capitalise the first letter only Examples: C carbon Co cobalt N nitrogen Ca calcium F fluorine Br bromine O oxygen Mg magnesium

4. Symbols from Latin Names Element Symbol Latin name Copper Cu cuprum Gold Au aurum Lead Pb plumbum Mercury Hg hydrargyrum Potassium K kalium Silver Ag argentum Sodium Na natrium Tin Sn stannum

5. % Major Elements in the Body O 65.0 % K 0.34 C 18.0 S 0.26 H 10.0 Na 0.14 N 3.0 Cl 0.14 Ca 1.4 Fe 0.004 P 1.0 Zn 0.003 Mg 0.50 Trace Elements As, Cr, Co, Cu, F, I, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, V

6. Learning Check Select the correct symbol for each: A. Calcium 1) C 2) Ca 3) CA B. Sulfur 1) S 2) Sl 3) Su C. Iron 1) Ir 2) FE 3) Fe

7. Solution Select the correct symbol for each: A. Calcium 2) Ca B. Sulfur 1) S C. Iron 3) Fe

8. Learning Check Select the correct name for each: A. N 1) neon 2) nitrogen 3) nickel B. P 1) potassium 2) phlogiston 3) phosphorus C. Ag 1) silver 2) aegean 3) gold

9. Solution Select the correct name for each: A. N 2) nitrogen B. P 3) phosphorus C. Ag 1) silver

10. Periodic Table The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements according to similarities in their chemical and physical properties.

11. Physical Properties The characteristics of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance. • Color • Size • Shape • Density • Freezing and Boiling Points • Odor

12. Groups of Elements • Vertical columns on the periodic table • Similar physical properties • Similar chemical properties

13. Groups on the Periodic Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

14. Representative Groups • Group 1 Alkali Metals • Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals • Group 7 Halogens • Group 8 Noble Gases

15. Location of Some Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A l m k e a t l a i l s A l k a l i n e H a l o g e n s I G n a e s r e t s

16. Periods on the Periodic Table • Horizontal rows from Group 1 to Group 8. • Numbered 1, 2, 3, …. • Include representative elements and transition elements

17. Periods on the Periodic Table 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. Learning Check A. Element in Group VIIA, Period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3 1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron

19. Solution A. Element in Group 7A, period 4 1) Br B. Element in Group 2A, Period 3 2) magnesium

20. Learning Check A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4 1) Br 2) Cl 3) Mn B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3 1) beryllium 2) magnesium 3) boron C. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn D. Nonmetals in Group VA 1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb

21. Solution A. Element in Group VIIA, period 4 1) Br B. Element in Group IIA, Period 3 2) magnesium C. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb D. Nonmetals in Group VA 2) N, P, As

22. Metals and Nonmetals Metals • Located to the left of the heavy line • Shiny, ductile • Good conductors of heat and electricity Nonmetals • Located to the right of the heavy line • Dull and brittle • Poor conductors, good insulators

23. Metals and Nonmetals Transition metals NONMETALS METALS METALS

24. Learning Check Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each: A. sulphur ____ B. chlorine ____ C. sodium ____ D. iron ____ E. carbon ____ F. silver ____

25. Solution Specify metal (1) or nonmetal (2) for each: A. sulphur 2 B. chlorine 2 C. sodium 1 D. iron 1 E. carbon 2 F. silver 1

26. Learning Check Select the correct elements: A. Metals in Group IVA 1) Ge, Sn, Pb 2) C, Si 3) C, Si, Ge, Sn B. Non-metals in Group VA 1) As, Sb, Bi 2) N, P, As 3) N, P, As, Sb

27. Solution A. Metals in Group 4A 1) Ge, Sn, Pb B. Nonmetals in Group 5A 2) N, P, As