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Managing Your Hard Disk and Operating System

Managing Your Hard Disk and Operating System. 23,26 March 2004 2:30pm - 4:00pm. Knowing your Hard Disk and Partition Management. Multiple Operating System. Sector. Track. Side/Head. Physical Geometry About Your Disk. Side(Head) Cylinder (Tracks per Side) Track Sectors/Track Cluster

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Managing Your Hard Disk and Operating System

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  1. Managing Your Hard Disk and Operating System 23,26 March 2004 2:30pm - 4:00pm

  2. Knowing yourHard Disk and Partition Management

  3. Multiple Operating System

  4. Sector Track Side/Head Physical Geometry About Your Disk • Side(Head) • Cylinder (Tracks per Side) • Track • Sectors/Track • Cluster • 1 Sector = 512 Bytes • Capacity = Cylinder x Head x Sector x 512 Bytes • e.g. A hard disk with 1023 Cylinders, 6 Heads and 63 Sectors/Track (CHS=1023/6/63) • Capacity = 1023 x 6 x 63 x 512 Bytes = 386694 sectors = 197987328 B = 188.8 MB

  5. Limitations of Your System * The disk capacity limited by the min. values.

  6. To Overcome the Limitations • Address Translation • Controller board on hard disk translates the the CHS values such that the no. will not exceed the max. no. allowed in BIOS and partition table. • Convert the physical values to logical values, e.g. 2000/16/631000/32/63 • Modify BIOS’s design • For addressing still using traditional CHS values • Logical Block Addressing (LBA) • LINEAR addressing instead of using CHS values • Newer OS/file system e.g. FAT32, NTFS

  7. Logical Block Addressing (LBA) • Suppose a Hard disk with CHS=2040/16/63 • To access a sector on Cyl:2000, Head:10, Sect:60 (CHS=2000/10/60) • LBA value = 2000 x 16x 63+ 10 x 63+ 60 = 2016690 Sect 2016690 Sect 1 Sect 63 Sect 126 Sect 1008 Head 0 Head 1 Head 15 C=2000 H=10 S=60 Cyl. 0

  8. Limitation of Logical Block Addressing (LBA) • * Most hard disk use 28-bit LBA addressing. • Max. Capacity of 28-bit LBA = 228Sectors = 128GB * Newest hard disk use 48-bit • ~ 1 Million times bigger!

  9. File Systems

  10. Popular file systems for PCs • File Allocation Table (FAT) • FAT12, FAT16, FAT32 • DOS, Win9x/Me/NT/2000/XP • High Performance File Sys.(HPFS) • IBM’s OS/2 • New Technology File Sys.(NTFS) • Win NT/2000/XP • EXT 2,3 • Linux

  11. Type of FAT system • FAT12 • 12bits cluster addressing  # of cluster = 212 = 4K • 1 cluster = 1 sector = 512 Bytes • Max. capacity = 2 MB • Mainly for floppy disk • FAT16 • 16bits cluster addressing  # of cluster = 216 = 64K • 1 cluster = 4~64 sectors = 2KB~32KB • capacity = 128 MB ~ 2 GB • Mainly for DOS • FAT32 • 32bits cluster addressing  # of cluster = 232 = 4G • 1 cluster = 8~64 sectors = 4KB~32KB • capacity = 512 MB ~ 2 TB • Mainly for Win 9X

  12. File Allocation Table (FAT) file system Disk Space Clusters # Boot Sector FAT (store usage of clusters) Root Directory User data area (addressable by cluster #)

  13. Partitions

  14. Why Partition? • Organize and protect important data • e.g. OS in C:, Data in D: • Run several operating system with one HD • Gain access to large disk (for FAT16 or older file systems) • Minimize wasted disk space • Larger disk  Larger Cluster size  more wastage of space • smaller partition  smaller Cluster size  less wastage

  15. Partition Table • located in Master Boot Record (MBR) • Storing information of partitions • Max. 4 partitions in a table • Can be Extended Disk Space addressable by Sector# Win Xp Win 98 Data MBR/ Partition Table Partitions

  16. Primary and Extended partitions MBR Primary Partitions Extended Partitions Boot Code Logical drives Extended Partition Table Extended Partition Table Partition Table Linux MSDOS D: Linux swap Win 98 E: Win XP Extended Extended F:

  17. A Typical Partition Table Some Typical System Type: 5 Extended Partition 6 DOS FAT-16 7 HPFS/NTFS b FAT-32 c FAT-32X(Cyl > 1024)

  18. Screenshot of DISKEDIT

  19. Screenshot of SPFDISK

  20. Partition Management • Create • Delete • Re-size • Move • File system conversion • Hide/Unhide

  21. Tools for partition management • FDISK (MSDOS, Win 9X, Linux) • Partition Magic • System Commander • Norton GHOST • Many of freeware/shareware from Internet e.g. SPFDISK, EFDISK

  22. Why not just use FDISK? • Can create only one primary partition • multiple primary partition needed for multiple OS • Destroy data in partition after creation or deletion • Cannot change system ID (type) which is helpful in preparing multiple boot system • Cannot hide partition

  23. Comparison among Some Tools

  24. Installing Multiple Operating System

  25. Why use multiple OS? • Better utilization of large hard disk • Allows OS with • different capability • e.g. WinXP for working, Linux for testing … • different user • e.g. One for me, one for brother,… • different purpose • e.g. One for software download, one for internet-banking * Be sure you are properly LICENSED!

  26. Ways to run Multiple OS • Hard Disk Partitioning • Running Virtual Machine in Host OS • VMware (for Win NT/2000/XP) • Virtual PC (for MAC)

  27. Create Multi-boot System by Partitioning • Perform system check to make sure no disk error • Re-size your current partition to free up space for other OS • Create and format another primary partition • Install a Boot Manager • Install another Operating System • Be careful if the OS will destroy the MBR

  28. Floppy CD-ROM BIOSPOST Load MBR On HD 1st Pri. Partition HD 0 HD 1 How Is Your Computer Boot Up Single OS System Boot sequence Power on

  29. Boot Manager Win XP Floppy Win 98 CD-ROM Linux BIOSPOST Load MBR On HD HD 0 HD 1 How Boot Manager Works Multiple OS System Boot sequence Power on

  30. Some Boot Managers • System Commander • Reborn Card • Boot Manager Plus (BMP) • Smart Boot Manager (SMB) • SPFDISK • Build in OS • e.g. Win NT/2000/XP, Linux, OS/2 • Many many from Internet

  31. Something to Consider • File system type ? • FAT16, FAT32 or NTFS ? • Partition location • Some OS cannot boot beyond 2GB boundary(Cyl.>1023) • e.g. Win NT/2000, Linux (older ver.)

  32. Try it yourself!

  33. Try the following steps: • Delete partition using FDISK • Use SPFDISK to create partitions • Use GHOST to restore partitions • Install a Boot-manager • Configure the Boot Manager • Done!

  34. The End Thank You!

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