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CATATONIC STUPOR. SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.
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SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS • The PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIC has elaborate systematized delusions about the world. Three main types of delusions are delusions of grandeur in which one is a famous person such as Christ, delusions of reference in which chance events such as thunderstorms carry important messages and delusions of persecution that cause the schizophrenic to feel others are plotting against him.
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS • UNDIFFERENTIATED SCHIZOPHRENIA includes schizophrenic symptoms that do not fit any of the other subtypes. Often after a schizophrenic disorder, the person returns to a more normal functioning state. They often exhibit minor symptoms of schizophrenia and are then classified as RESIDUAL SCHIZOPHRENICS.
ANXIETY DISORDERS • Anxiety disorders encompass the individual’s feelings of anxiety – tension, distress, nervousness or uncomfortable arousal by a strong and persistent unpleasant feeling of apprehension and fear. Although most of us feel anxiety and tension at times, persons suffering from anxiety disorders are constantly apprehensive and nervous. Their anxiety is intense, long-standing and disruptive.
ANXIETY DISORDERS • Common symptoms are: • MOTOR TENSION (unable to relax, jittery, muscle tension), • APPREHENSION (fear, worry, overconcern), • AUTONOMIC HYPERACTIVITY (pounding heart, faintness, nausea or fast breathing), and • HYPERVIGILANCE (hyperattentive focus on anxiety-provoking stimuli).
ANXIETY DISORDERS • Excessive persistent anxiety lasting over a month that is not focused on a particular situation or object characterizes GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER. Since the person generally does not know the real cause of the anxiety the tension becomes FREE-FLOATING ANXIETY. The person is generally anxious, tense and irritable. Unable to sleep the person becomes fatigued and unable to concentrate and function well.
ANXIETY DISORDERS • The main feature of a PANIC DISORDER is terrifying PANIC ATTACKS that are spontaneous and recurrent. Victims are overcome with feelings of panic and helplessness. Anxiety attacks may include chest pains, trembling, heart palpitations and intense terror. Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from these episodic attacks of acute anxiety.
ANXIETY DISORDERS • PHOBIC DISORDER is overwhelming fear of an object or situation not likely to be dangerous. People with phobias recognize their irrationality but cannot keep fear from interfering with daily life. SIMPLE PHOBIAS are excessive irrational fears of specific situations or things. Common fears are acrophobia (heights), claustrophobia (enclosed spaces,) and acrophobia (fear of flying). Phobias usually caused by a specific traumatic experience are fear of snakes, darkness, insects, dogs or blood.
ANXIETY DISORDERS • SOCIAL PHOBIAS are described in DSM as "fear of, and compelling desire to avoid a situation in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others and fears he or she may act in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing". Social phobias often develop in adolescence and include a fear of criticism, fear of making mistakes and fear of public speaking. AGORAPHOBIA is an extreme fear of being alone in a public place away from the security of home. Once the fear generalizes the person experiences an intense, irrational fear of leaving the house.
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER • Another common type of anxiety disorder is the OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER. OBSESSIONS are anxiety-provoking thoughts that are repetitive and will not go away. COMPULSIONS are repetitive actions that are carried out ritualistically to avoid some feared situation. Common compulsions include excessive cleansing of hands, counting things, checking locks and straightening things up around the house. People feel compelled to indulge in meaningless rituals (compulsions) to control their irrational and persistent thoughts (obsessions).
STRESS DISORDERS • A Stress Disorder is an extreme reaction to a highly stressful even or situation. ACUTE STRESS DISORDER is an acute, intense, brief reaction to stress which directly follow a traumatic event and last less than 4 months. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER is the intense psychological reenactment of a traumatic event that may include nightmares, flashbacks and recurrent and painful memories. These may be so strong that a person may believe they are reliving the event.
MOOD OR AFFECTIVE DISORDER • When a person experiences a severe disturbance of mood or emotional imbalance, we call the problem a MOOD OR AFFECTIVE DISORDER. There are two major types, DEPRESSION (Unipolar Disorder) and MANIC DEPRESSION (Bipolar Disorder
DEPRESSION • When emotions are low and the individual is sad, hopeless, despondent and discouraged, often overcome with feelings of guilt or worthlessness, we call this MAJOR DEPRESSION. Other symptoms are becoming withdrawn, apathetic and unresponsive while losing physical stamina, weight and motivation. Many experience a diminished ability to think, concentrate or make decisions.
MAJOR DEPRESSION Charles Whitman—University of Texas At Austin Shooting, 1966
DEPRESSION • DEPRESSION is the COMMON COLD OF MENTAL DISORDERS. More than a quarter million people are hospitalized every year with depression. The despondent mood, loss of interest and pleasure in activities and/or feelings of emptiness and worthlessness often lead to thoughts of suicide.
DEPRESSION • Although SUICIDE is not a disorder, it can result from depression. Most people who commit suicide were depressed. Over 30,000 people commit suicide every year. For every successful suicide there are 10 or more attempts. Women are four times as likely to attempt suicide while men are four times as likely to commit suicide.
MANIC-DEPRESSION • DEPRESSION can occur alone as a UNIPOLAR DISORDER, or it can alternate with episodes of mania becoming MANIC-DEPRESSION, a BIPOLAR DISORDER. In MANIA the person's mood is elated and exuberant. Seemingly tireless the manic person can become restless and irritable in his overdrive state. Mania seldom occurs by itself. The exciter moods of mania generally swing to the listless moods of depression.
BIPOLAR DISORDER I just HAD to include this one…
MANIC-DEPRESSION • Manic-depressive persons in manic phase are euphoric, excited, and full of energy and may believe there is no limit to their possible accomplishments and act accordingly. Often manic-depressives are very successful in life but suffer extreme depressive mood swings that may lead to suicidal thoughts.
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS • SOMATOFORM DISORDERS are mental disturbances in which psychological problems take a physical (somatic) form, even though no physical cause may be found. Although the symptoms are not caused physically the pain or distress is real, not faked. These differ from Psychosomatic Diseases, genuine physical ailments caused in part by psychological factors such as ulcers and asthma that have a genuine organic basis.
CONVERSION DISORDER • The classic example, which Freud called HYSTERIA, is CONVERSION DISORDER in which the anxiety is "converted" into a physical loss or impairment of sensory or motor function. The person appears to be blind, deaf, paralyzed or unable to speak or feel pain. Although the physical problems have no underlying organic basis people suffering form conversion disorders are not MALINGERING (faking) their physical symptoms.
HYPOCHONDRIASIS • HYPOCHONDRIASIS is a pervasive fear of disease or illness. Hypochondriacs are always checking for symptoms of various diseases and searching for doctors that will agree with their self-diagnosis. Preoccupied with their bodies, hypochondriacs are obsessed with fear of a serious medical disease. Tiny alterations from normal make them believe they have contracted a disease.
SOMATIZATION DISORDER • A Somatization Disorder is marked by a long-standing history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin. While hypochondriacs fear illness persons suffering from SOMATIZATION DISORDER complain of specific physical symptoms. Common complaints are headaches, backaches, pain, dizziness, allergies, cramps, diarrhea, psycho-sexual problems, fatigue, painful menstruation, chest pain and missed heart beats. No organic cause can be found.
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS • In DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS the afflicted person dissociates from or alters his consciousness or identity. Dissociative disorders are usually attempts to escape from excessive anxiety through memory loss such as AMNESIA, through a change of identity (FUGUE) or a dissociation of one part of the mind from another (MULTIPLE-PERSONALITY).
DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA • In PSYCHOGENIC (produced by the mind) AMNESIA individuals literally forget who they are along with the conflicts they are escaping. It is a selective amnesia. While they lose their sense of identify they do not forget their language or other intellectual skills.
DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE • FUGUE, "flight", is a special form of psychogenic amnesia in which the dissociated person not only loses his identity but actually flees to another location, beginning life anew with another identity.
