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ACVANCED DETECTORS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS

EXPERIMENTS IN HEP. SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS. GASEOUS DETECTORS. SCINTILLATION COUNTERS. APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. ACVANCED DETECTORS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS. Experiments in HEP Semiconductor Detectors Gaseous Detectors

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ACVANCED DETECTORS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS

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  1. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACVANCED DETECTORS IN PARTICLE PHYSICS AND APPLICATIONS Experiments in HEP Semiconductor Detectors Gaseous Detectors Scintillation Counters Application in other Fields Summary and Conclusions Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  2. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS NEW EXP‘S AND ACCELERATORS Basic Questions of Particle Physics: • CP-Violation: B-Factories at KEK and SLAC, Large Hadron Collider at CERN • Higgs search: Experiments ATLAS and CMS at LHC, e+e- Linear Collider TESLA at DESY TESLA Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  3. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS RUNNING AND PLANNED EXP‘S Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  4. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS DETECTION OF RARE PROCESSES • Requirements for Higgs Search: • Superimposed collisions, here 18 pp interactions in CMS Silicon Tracker, • Occupancy of ~1% with Silicon Pixel Detectors, • Precise measurement of 4 well visible muons. µ µ µ µ Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  5. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS DETECTORS IN HEP EXP‘S Fixed Target Exp: Interaction of particles in diff. detector components: Collider Exp: • 1 Tracking Detectors:Pixel, Silicon Strip, Gas Microstrip, Drift Cell Tubes, • Drift Chambers • 2 Electromagnetic Calorimeters: Plastic Scintillator / Lead Sandwich, Liquid Argon, Crystals • 3 Hadronic Calorimeters: Plastic Scintillator / Iron or Copper Sandwich, Liquid Argon • 4 Muon Detectors: Drift - Tubes, Cathode Strip Chambers, Resistive Plate Chambers Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  6. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS FIXED TARGET EXP: HERA-B • detector designed for CP violation studies in B-Meson system • run at interaction rates > 30 MHz, > 100 charged particles every 96 nsec • harsh radiation conditions for tracking detectors: • Si – Strip Vertex Detector • MSGC Inner Tracker • hexogonal Drift Tubes Outer Tracker • conditions very similar to LHC Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  7. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS COLLIDER EXP: ATLAS, CMS ATLAS Tracking Detectors Electromagnetic Calorimeter Hadron Calorimeter Muon Detector CMS cut-out CMS Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  8. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS COLLIDER EXP: TESLA Hadron Calorimeter Scintillator/Iron Sandwich, 200 kChannel Electromagnetic Calorimeter Si-Diode Pads/Tungsten, 32 Mio Chann, Time Projection Chamber 1.2 Mio Chann. Intermediate Tracker Si-Pixel and –Strip, 40.3 Mio ch. Vertex Detector VTX CCD or Hybrid Pixel, 800 Mio ch. Muon Detector Plastic Streamer Tubes and RPC, 75 kCh. Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  9. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS • Silicon Strip: • Thickness Si-Crystals: ~300 µm • Energy Loss of Minimum Ionising Particle per Electron/Hole Pair: <E> = 3.6 eV (at 300°K), (in Gases: 20-40 eV) • Total e-/hole pairs: ~25000 • Drift-Time: ~8 ns e-, 25 ns holes • Sensitive Area: ~70 x 50 mm² • Number Strips: ~1200 • Strip Distance: ~50 µm • Resolution: ~10-20 µm • Pixel Detectors: • Hybrid Pixel: • mature technology • Charged Coupled Device: • not rad. Hard, slow (5 MHz) • Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors: • originated from CMOS camera • DEPFET: • integrated amplification Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  10. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS VertexDetector System: HERA-B • Measurement: J/Psi decay vertices, impact parameters of particles • Working: at up to 40 MHz, high radiation similar LHC • Vertex Detector: 64 double-sided Si-microstrip detectors, arranged in 8 stations, 4 quadrants around p-beam • Detectors: sensitive area: 50 x 70 mm², 280 µm thick • Performance: o.k. up to 3 x 10**14 MIPS/mm² • Readout: analog chip HELIX128-2.2 Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  11. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Tracking Detectors:ATLAS, CMS ATLAS • Pixel Detectors: • 3 barrels, 2 x 4 discs • 2.14 m² sensitive area • ~ 80 million channels • Silicon-Strip (SCT): • 4 barrels, 2 x 9 discs • ~ 60 m² sensitive area • ~ 6.2 million channels Transition Radiation Tracker TRT: 372000 straw tubes in barrel and end-caps CMS • Pixel Detectors: • ~ 0.6 m² sensitive area • ~ 45 million channels • Silicon-Strip (SST): • ~ 210 m² sensitive area • ~ 9.6 million channels 10 Barrels 12 End-cap Discs 2 Barrels ¼ of longitudinal view 2 x 2 End-cap Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  12. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Tracking Detectors: TESLA TESLA Tracking Det. ¼ of longitudinal view VTX - CCDs • VTX (multi-layered micro-vertex detector): • cylinders in barrel region • 3 options: • CCDs: 5 layers, ~ 800 Mpixels, • hybrid pixels: 3 layers • CMOS pixels: • R&D program for all 3 • Intermediate Tracker: • SIT: • 2 cylinders in barrel region • double sided strip detectors • sensitive area: 1.7 m² • FTD (discs in forward region): • 2 x 3 discs pixel detectors: 0.6 m² • 2 x 4 discs strip detectors: 2.0 m² Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  13. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS DRIFT CELLS • Honeycomb Drift Cells (HERA-B Outer Tracker): • cell diameter: 5 and 10 mm • cell occupancy: < 20% (20 cm from p-beam, 40 MHz rate) • modules: ~ 1000 with<= 128 cells (segmented) • max. length: 4.5 m • readout channels: ~ 117 k • gas mixture: Ar / CF4 / CO2, (65 / 30 / 5) • no aging problems after foil coating with gold Honeycomb Drift Cell Assembling Production of 10 mm modules (IHEP and Tsinghua Univ.) • Straw Tube Drift Cells (ATLAS Transition Radiation Tracker): • cell diameter: 4 mm • straw length: 150 cm (barrel), 39 and 55 cm (end-caps) • readout channels: ~ 53 k (barrel), ~ 320 k (end-caps) • gas mixture: Xe / CF4 / CO2, (70 / 20 / 10) • High Pressure Aluminum Drift Tubes (ATLAS Muon Detector): • cell diameter: 30 mm • max. tube length: 6 m • readout channels: ~1.3 million • gas mixture: Ar / N2 / CH4, (91 / 4 / 5) Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  14. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Micro-Strip Gas Chamber: HERA-B • MSGCs General: • success of Multiwire Proportional Chamber • fills gap between wire chambers and Si-strip • Anodes, Cathodes: thin metal strips on glass substrate • Granularity: 10 x better than wire systems • Resolution: better than 40 µm • Rate Capability: ~ 100 kHz per mm² • HERA-B GEM MSGCs: • Inner Tracker: 7 stations, 40 planes of 4 detectors (48x44cm² / plane) • largest system: 120 kChannels • original MSGCs: discharges at highrates, (<= 10**6 part. / cm² / s) heavy ionising alpha-particles damage of electrodes • solution: GEM - Gas Electron Multiplier (thin foil with holes) 1st amplification in GEM, lower voltage between electrodes Cathode Anode Rad. Damage • MSGC Alternatives: • Double GEM: • Micromegas: thin-gap parralel plate counter • Micro-CAT: hole in cathode foil, above anode • Micro-dot chamber: pixel device based on silicon 50 µ drift voltage 2500 V GEM voltage difference (upper – lower) 450 V GEM cathode voltage 520 V Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  15. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SCINTILLATING CRYSTALS • Electromagnetic Calorimeters in new experiments require: • best energy resolution for e, gamma, pi-zero: crystals • position measurement: fine lateral granularity • operation in magnet field (1 – 4 Tesla): photo diode Crystal Properties and Experiments Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  16. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS CMS ECAL: PbWO4 Crystals CMS PbWO4 Crystal ECAL • Choose of Lead Tungstate: • very compact less material cheaper • fast enough for 25 nsec LHC bunch crossing • poor light yield less important • 77000 crystals of high quality • production in Bogorodytsk / Russia and by: Shanghai Institute of Ceramics • radiation dose up to 0.15 Gy / h • energy resolution sigma/E = 0.4 % (E = 280 GeV) • special avalanche photodiode (APD) works in 4 Tesla magnet field Barrel End-Cap Avalanche Photodiode Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  17. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS • New generation of detectors progress in: • imaging • data treatment • miniaturisation • energy resolution • radiation hardness • lower noise • lower costs All techniques ready for export to other fields as e.g.: • astro – particle physics • bio – medical applications • ............ Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  18. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Application of Si-Strip Detectors • Si – Strip Detectors in Space Experiments: • Alpha-Magnetic-Spectrometer (AMS-02): • will be installed 2003 in International Space Station (400 km altitude) • measurement of cosmics particles • search for antimatter, can reach: anti-helium / helium = 10**-9 • search for cosmics dark matter • Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST): • satellite will be launched 2005 • looks for gamma rays in 20 MeV – 300 GeV range • Si-Strip tracker for: reconstruction of gamma-ray direction by measuring conversion e+e- pair • Properties of Si – Strip Trackers: Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  19. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Application of Si-Strip Detectors • Si – Strip Detectors in Medicine: • Main requirements are: • size large enough to cover the Region of Interest • resolution diagnostically adequate • patient dose clinically acceptable • Prototype silicon microstrip detector for dental imaging ( from P.F.van der Stelt, IWORID Amsterdam 8-12/9/2002) • 300 µm double-sided silicon sensor (SINTEF, Oslo, Norway) • p-side 427 strips on a 50 µm pitch • n-side 128 strips on an 80µm pitch • effective area 2.185 x 1.024 cm2 • Performance detector study for mammography imaging ( P.F.van der Stelt et al., NIM A457 (2001) 653) • detector size: ~ 24 x 18 cm², requires tiling of sensors • detection efficiency ~ 75% for 1mm thick silicon • high contrast details of 300 µm detectable • Si – Pixel detector for mammography imaging (S.R.Amendolia et al., INFNPisa, Italy, IWORID Amsterdam 8-12/9/2002) • pixel size: 170 x 170 µm², 300 µm thick Si – detector • further improvement under development Film,12 bit Si-Pixel detector 6x6cm² scan) Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  20. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Application of Scintillating Crystals • CsI Calorimeter in Space Experiment: • Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST): • CsI calorimeter for measurement of gamma energy (20 MeV – 300 GeV) • 8 layers of 12 bars: 8.6 Xo • each bar has 2.0 x 2.8 x 35.1 cm³ • Scintillating Crystal Detectors in Medicine: • Flat X-ray Detectors for Medical Imaging: (from M. Overdick, Philips Research Laboratories, Aachen, Germany, • IWORID 2002, Amsterdam, 11/9/2002) • Scintillator: CsI(Tl) needle crystals • thickness 550µm, good X-ray absorption, act as light-guides • crystals connected to photodiode array • field of view: 18 x 18 cm² crystals Photodiode array Dynamic Detector: Integris Allura Heart Arteris Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  21. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS • Detector developments for advanced particle physics experiments: • large systems of high complexity • mass production of detectors and readout electronics reduces costs • strong impact on other fields: • astro - particle physics • bio – medicine • material research • ........ These fields have created their own life with strong activities More details you will find in: International Workshop on Radiation Imaging, IWORID Amsterdam 8-12/9/2002 Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  22. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS COLLIDER EXP: CMS Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  23. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS DEPFET – DEpleted P-channel Field Effect Transistor • p-FET (JFET or MOSFET) • on depleted n-Si bulk • local potential minimum for • electrons ‘internal gate‘ • current change prop. to number • of charges in the ‘internal gate‘ • DI > 200 pA / electron • nondestructive readout • charge integration and storage • in ON and OFF state • reset through clear contact, • supported by clear gate • backside illuminated Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  24. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Front end chip candidates From talk of T. Tsuboyama (KEK) on Si-Vertex detectors, 8/2002: Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  25. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SILICON DETECTORS Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

  26. EXPERIMENTS IN HEP SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS GASEOUS DETECTORS SCINTILLATION COUNTERS APPLICATION IN OTHER FIELDS SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS RESISTIVE PLATE CHAMBERS Conf. on Nuclear Detectors and Electronics XiaMen, 2-6/12/2002 Michael Walter, DESY Zeuthen

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