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China Limits & Resists Outside Influence. Remember that there are often 2 or more ways to spell Chinese words. Wade-Giles . Pinyin. Peking Emperor Yongle (Chu Ti) Cheng Ho Emperor Ch’ien-lung Empress Ts’u Hsi. Beijing Zhu Di Zheng He Qian Long Cixi. Defeat of the Mongols.
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Remember that there are often 2 or more ways to spell Chinese words Wade-Giles Pinyin Peking Emperor Yongle (Chu Ti) Cheng Ho Emperor Ch’ien-lung Empress Ts’u Hsi • Beijing • Zhu Di • Zheng He • Qian Long • Cixi
Defeat of the Mongols 1368, the first Ming Emperor, Hongwu, defeats the Mongols He begins the rebuilding of China’s agriculture and Chinese culture Reinstated the civil service exam Paranoid in his final years
Power Struggle A struggle for succession after Hongwu’s death among his many sons Yonglu (Zhu Di) a 4th son succeeds He wants to expand China’s tribute system He moves the capital to Beijing
Zheng He Captured at 10 from Yunnan province Ethnic Hui and a muslim Eunuch in the royal palace Excelled at engineering and architecture
Isolated Treaty Ports for Foreigners Canton, Macao and Ningbo Portuguese Jesuits arrive at the court but have little success at converting Chinese to Christianity but do write a translation dictionary Mateo Ricci
Qing Dynasty 1644 – 1908 Manchurians Begin reign with innovation in art & culture Ch’ien-lung Emperor presides over the “Golden Age” But soon isolated themselves politically and socially
Trade Imbalance Europeans demanded more products from China China purchased very little from the Europeans China demanded payment in silver for its goods
Opium Had long been used for medicinal purposes British merchants smuggled opium from sources in Burma & India British officials encourage the production of opium in India to meet rising demand
Sources Today Afghanistan Myanmar
Opium War Commissioner Lin writes Queen Victoria. Requests the British stop dumping opium Lin orders opium warehouses burnt British send warships
Treaty of Nanjing China’s navy is destroyed by British guns 1842 China is forced to sign Treaty giving foreigners “extraterritoriality” Foreigners were no longer subject to Chinese law
Foreign Enclaves Europeans were quick to divide up Chinese ports Europeans built European style cities such as the Bund district in Shanghai
Royal Crown Colony of Hong Kong British free port negotiated on a 100 year lease Separate government
Taiping Rebellion Christian missionaries had few converts but their stories inspired Hong Xiuquan He wanted to establish a separate “Heavenly Kingdom of Peace” The movement attracted mostly peasants
Rebellion Threatens Qing and Foreigners Rebels attacked British & French interests Chinese & Foreign troops put down the rebellion in 1864 20 million people died of famine, disease & war Qing Dynasty was left weak
Open Door Policy American merchants pressure U.S. government to sign “open door” policy. Chinese ports to be opened to all merchants by 1899.
Boxer Rebellion Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists Anti-foreigner sentiments Members attacked German compound, Christian missionaries, Chinese Christians and Wealthy merchants
Abandoned by Empress Cixi Empress sent no troops and allowed foreign soldiers to put down the Boxer Rebellion Resentment against foreigners increases
End of the Qing Powerful Dowager Empress Cixi Probably had both her son & nephew poisoned
Corruption at the Court Misused revenue and had little understanding of the outside world Instead of building a Chinese navy, she built a decorative boat for her garden
Last Emperor Puyi Grandnephew of Empress Parents were opium addicts Chosen at age 3 Had a British tutor He lost power to the new Nationalist government in 1917
Nationalist Government too weak to control foreign business interests & missionaries
Collapse of the traditional Confucian class structure Expansion of trade with the West creates a wealthy merchant class Merchant class invests in western technology
Merchant sons & daughters sent abroad Yung Ming at Yale
