พยาธิใบไม้ของสัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้อง

1. พยาธิใบไม้ของสัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้องพยาธิใบไม้ของสัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้อง (Trematode of Ruminant)

2. Trematode of Ruminant • Family Fasciolidae • F. gigantica, F. hepatica • Family Dicrocoelidae • Dicrocoelium dendriticum • Eurytrema pancreaticum

3. Family Paramphistomatidae • Subfamily Paramphistominae • Subfamily Gastrothylaxinae “Rumen Fluke” • Subfamily Gastrodiscinae

4. Family Schistosomatidae Schistosoma spindalis

5. Family Fasciolidae • Organ: bile duct • Host: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, man • Species F. hepatica: warm to cold climate F. gigantica: tropical zone

6. Morphology • leaf like • oral sucker close to ventral sucker • spiny tegument • short pharynx & esophagus

7. branches: intestinal caeca, testis, ovary, vitelline gland • genital pore: anterior to ventral sucker • no seminal receptacle

8. Fasciola sp.

9. Egg: large, thin shell, operculum, embryonic cells

10. Fasciola hepatica • Disease: Fascioliasis, Liver Rot • Organ: bile duct • Size: 3.0 x 1.3 cm

11. Life cycle

12. Development in Intermediate Host • Miracidium: penetration into snail • Sporocyst: 5-8 redia • Redia: 20 cercaria • Cercaria: cystogenous gland • Metacercaria: a few minutes to 2 hours

13. Redia & Cercaria

14. Development in Final Host Metacercaria (duodenum) Young fluke Mature fluke (8th wk) Abdominal cavity Bile duct Liver capsule (5-6th wk)

15. Metacercaria on Plant

16. metacercaria

17. Epidemiology • Hatching factor: temp 10-26 C • Temperature of intermediate host • Size of intermediate host • Environ. affecting growth of snail • Temp. affecting on metacercaria

18. Immunity against Liver Fluke • antibody: only in experimental animals • adult sheep: susceptible to (re) infection • cattle: more resistance • host of F. hepatica: mammals (horse, mule, deer, pig, man, rabbit)

19. Pathogenesis • depends on # metacercaria ingested • damage: migration of young adult fluke through liver parenchyma, bile duct • disease : 2 types (acute & chronic form)

20. Acute Fascioliasis • rare case: sheep, goat > cattle, buffalo • ingestion of huge # of metacercaria • signs: traumatic hepatitis (migration), rupture of liver capsule, internal bleeding

21. PM: hepatomegaly, pale, fibrinous clot, haemorrhagic tract • secondary bacterial infection • Clostridium oedematiens “Black Disease”

22. Chronic Fascioliasis • Pathogenesis: anemia, albumin decreased, hepatic fibrosis • post-necrotic scarring • ischaemic fibrosis • peribiliary fibrosis • monolobular fibrosis

23. Chronic Fascioliasis • Calcification, bilie duct obstruction “pipe-stem liver” • Lung • calcification, cyst

24. Migratory Tracks: pipe-stem liver

25. Thickness of Bile Duct

26. Clinical Pathology • acute: sudden dead • subacute: anemia, pale mm., edema, hepatomegaly, ascites • chronic: anemia, emaciation, pale m.m., edema “bottle jaw”, ascites, eosinophilia, low production

27. “bottle jaw”

28. Diagnosis 1. History taking 2. Clinical signs 3. Fecal examination 4. Post mortem examination 5. Serological examination: serum enzyme (GLDH, GGT)

29. Treatment 1. Triclabendazole (Fasinex): 20 mg/kg 2. Rafoxanide: 7.5 mg/kg 3. Nitroxynil: 10 mg/kg, S.C. 4. Oxyclozanide

30. Treatment 5. Closantel: 10 mg/kg, S.C. = 1 ml/20 kg 6. Niclofolan: 3 mg/kg, S.C. = 1.1 ml/50 kg 7. Albendazole: 10 mg/kg 8. Bithional sulphoxide: 40 mg/kg

31. Prevention & Control 1. anthelmintic treatment: twice a year 2. control & elimination of snail: CuSO4 3. fencing of water resource

32. Human Fascioliasis • Intermediate host: • F. hepatica: L. truncata • F. gigantica: L. auricularia rubiginosa • Thailand: F. gigantica • Infection: metacercaria (water plant)

33. Pathology • young adult: peritonitis, urticaria, liver abscesses • adult: thickness, inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction of bile duct • clinical signs: jaundice, pain, anorexia, vomiting, fever, anemia

34. Ectopic migrationyoung adult • brain • lung • eye • pancreas

35. Diagnosis • History taking • Fecal examination • Serological examination: immunodiffusion, FA test • Biopsy: ectopic case

36. Treatment • Praziquantel: 25 mg/kg, 2-3 days • surgical remove: ectopic case

37. Prevention & Control 1. understanding of Fascioliasis 2. treatment 3. elimination of intermediate host

38. Fasciola Gigantica • Morphology • similar to F. hepatica • size: 1.2 x 2.5-7.5 cm

39. Life cycle • intermediate host: L. auricularia rubiginosa • miracidium ----> cercaria = 35-48 days • prepatent period: 4 months

40. Epidemiology • Lymnaea • ขนาดเล็ก, ไม่มีฝา • รูปร่างคล้ายเจดีย์ เปลือกบางเปราะแตกง่าย • สีเหมือนเขาสัตว์ ยอดแหลม • ขนาด: 12-32 x 17-20 mm

41. Lymnaea spp.

42. Host • high incidence in hosts age > 1 year • Cercaria • high # in December - April

43. Pathogenesis & Clinical signs • sheep: acute & chronic form • cattle: chronic form • weakness, anorexia, pale mm • bottle jaw, wt loss • calcification, thickness of bile duct

44. “bottle jaw”

45. Enlargement of gall bladder

46. bile duct thickening

47. Liver fluke in bile duct

48. Liver fluke in bile duct

49. Liver fluke in gall bladder

50. Fasciola gigantica