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Third NOAA GOES-R Users Conference May 10, 2004 Broomfield, CO

Third NOAA GOES-R Users Conference May 10, 2004 Broomfield, CO. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: A User Perspective Focused on Air Quality Assessments and Forecasts. Deborah Mangis, PhD Assistant Lab Director National Exposure Research Lab. EPA Uses of Remote Sensing Data. Research

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Third NOAA GOES-R Users Conference May 10, 2004 Broomfield, CO

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  1. Third NOAA GOES-R Users Conference May 10, 2004 Broomfield, CO U.S. Environmental Protection Agency:A User Perspective Focused on Air Quality Assessments and Forecasts Deborah Mangis, PhD Assistant Lab Director National Exposure Research Lab

  2. EPA Uses of Remote Sensing Data • Research • Air quality (forecast & assessment) • Water quality and watershed modeling • Land cover mapping • Landscape indicators and ecological assessments • Assessing impacts from mining activities • Emergency response (e.g., oil spills, Columbia recovery effort) • Monitoring regulatory compliance and enforcing permits Chesapeake Bay Watershed Landsat EMT+ Image

  3. EPA Users Needs • Air Quality (Chemical Weather) • Impacts • Application & Relevant Mandates • Ideal User Needs • Trace Gases/Aerosols – EPA Criteria Pollutants • Additional Considerations • Water quality and watershed modeling • Fire Characterization/Emissions • Emergency Response

  4. Why is Air Quality Important? • Aerosols (PM2.5) • Induce respiratory diseases and cancer • Reduce visibility • Impacts Climate • Ozone • Induces respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma) • Damages crops • Greenhouse gas • Impacts of Poor Air Quality on Society • 60,000 Death per annual (mean)* • $143 Billion Cost per annual (mean)** *Science 289, 2000; **American Lung Assoc. 2001

  5. National Mandates related to Air Quality • Regulatory NAAQS (Assessment/Monitoring): • Clean Air Act - EPA Administrator required to periodically review and revise National Ambient Air Quality Standards in accordance with latest state of the science • Air Quality Forecast: • H.R. 4 Energy Policy Act of 2002 (Senate Amendment) • EPA-NOAA Agreements:EPA Administrator and Dept. of Commerce Deputy Secretary signed MOU/MOA for AQ forecasting May 6, 2003 • Public Health Tracking: • Nationwide Health Tracking Bills introducedS.2054 and H.R.4061 • EPA-CDC Agreement: EPA Administrator and Dept. of HHS Secretary signed MOU related to ENPHT September 30, 2002

  6. Application of Meteorological, Trace Gas, and Aerosol Satellite Measurements • Assessment/Monitoring -Enhance Traditional Focus on Regulatory Policy • Identify, characterize, and track pollution -Data will help to develop pollution reduction strategies. -Data will help assess existing pollution control strategies Criteria Pollutant NAAQS

  7. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5 Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3) Sept 9 Sept 10 4 day sequence showing transport of regional pollution event. Posts show EPA PM2.5 ground-based measuring site. Color contours are MODIS aerosol optical depth (US EPA/NASA, 2003) No EPA sites MODIS fills in Sept 11 Sept 12

  8. 12 Sept. 2002-A close-up of Houston shows many of the hourly PM2.5 monitors recorded 24 averages in excess of 40.5 ug/m3, (AQI>100). High AOD extends into a large portion of TX. 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 15.5 40.5 65.5 150.5 Aerosol Optical Depth Cloud Optical Thickness PM2.5 (ug/m3) Time Series shows agreement of hourly PM2.5 Concentrations (Surface Monitor) and Aerosol Optical Depth in Coincident MODIS pixel. Correlation Coefficient > 0.88. (U.S. EPA, 2003)

  9. Current EPA research using MODIS AOD • Evaluation of model performance over large spatial domains • Assessment of PM transport in Eastern US • Improvements in spatial predictions of surface PM concentrations

  10. Application of Meteorological, Trace Gas, and Aerosol Satellite Measurements • Air Quality Forecasting - Extending into new Air Quality Applications through EPA/NOAA Partnership • Assimilation of data to improve air quality forecast • Connecting to other Science Areas • Global Climate-Regional Air Quality Connections • Public Health Tracking - Human Exposure “Applications require balanced approach of measurements and models”

  11. “Ideal” Meteorological Parameters Needed for Air Quality Modeling • Vertical profiles of state variables • Water vapor, temperature, winds, solar rad. • Vertical resolution required: 100-500 m or better - Finest resolution needed within PBL; can be coarser aloft • Horizontal resolution: 4-12 km to match model resolution • Temporal resolution: hourly or better • Surface characteristics • Temperature, land-use/cover, moisture, radiative fluxes • Deposition fluxes

  12. “Ideal” Meteorological Parameters Needed for Air Quality Modeling • Clouds • Base, top heights • Type; optical depth • Properties • Information used for : • Data assimilation during meteorological model simulation • Meteorological model evaluation as air quality driver

  13. Geostationary; Hourly Observations with 4-km Resolution can resolve Urban Structure TOMS (Daily) OMI (Daily) Geostationary (Hourly) Map of Houston and surrounding area Demonstrated LEO capability: O3, CO, NO2, SO2, CH2O and aerosols J. Fishman NASA 09/2003

  14. Domain of Interest (12 km grid) 265 grid cells 142 NE Domain starting 2004 259 grid cells 166 Full U.S. Domain By 2009 268 grid cells 442 grid cells

  15. Most Uses of Satellite Data for Air Quality Will Require Assimilation into Global and/or Regional Chemical Transport Models Public Impact Regional Prediction Global Assimilation Scientific Understanding In Situ and Satellite Observations Eventual Requirement: Capability of nested global- to regional-scale meteorological and chemical modeling for assimilating and predicting the chemical state of the atmosphere (air quality)

  16. “Ideal” Chemical Parameters Needed for Air Quality • Key Chemical species directly related to NAAQS • Ozone, NO2, HCHO, CO, SO2, NH3 • Other trace gases of opportunity within spectrum • PM species: AOD at a minimum • Really need chemical composition and size distribution of aerosols (PM10 - PM2.5) • Resolution: • Vertical – 2 to 4 layers in troposphere with resolution of PBL • Horizontal – Spatial resolution needs to be in with high resolution regional AQ models (i.e., 4 km x 4 km) • Temporal - Hourly • Information used for : • Data assimilation during air quality model simulation • Operational and diagnostic model evaluation • Emissions inventory verification • Evaluation of Policy Changes

  17. Current Derived Tropospheric Observables for Air Quality *requires removal of stratospheric overburden

  18. Derived Tropospheric Satellite Data to Date Are from Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) • Current Research Satellites (TOMS/SBUV, MODIS, MISR, MOPITT, AIRS, GOME) are LEO and have demonstrated the measurements. • Next Generation Research Satellites (SCIAMACHY, TES, OMI) are also LEO and Will Provide Asynoptic Global Coverage. • The measurement capability has been demonstrated from LEO and research continues.

  19. Additional Pollutants Observable from SpaceTropospheric NO2 from GOME 97-01* *Produced using GOME narrow swath mode data Source: Beirle et al., ACPD 2004

  20. Considerations for Derived Tropospheric Satellite Data from Geostationary Platform • LEO is good for climate and global monitoring, once per day. • But air quality requires hourly observations, making Geostationary the Appropriate Platform. • Region of interest is US, and areas of transport to US (Mexico, Canada, SE asia). • Pollution is episodic, can be regional or local, but most importantly has large diurnal variability • Do we have the right part of the spectrum? • EPA criteria pollutants – current state of science in UV-VIS

  21. LEO GEO GEO provides the appropriate time resolution for air quality O3, aerosols, & precursors change rapidly during the day. Stars indicate typical times for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) measurements Circles indicate individual GEO hourly measurements

  22. EPA Criteria Pollutants • Ozone UV-VIS, IR* • SO2 UV*, IR* • CO IR* • NO2 UV-VIS* • H2CO UV* • Aerosols (PM2.5 and PM10) • Dust IR*, VIS • Smoke IR, VIS • Sulfate VIS • Organic VIS • Carbon UV * High spectral resolution measurements essential

  23. Current State of Science Observes O3, NO2, H2CO, SO2 in UV-VIS Trace Gases and Aerosols Important for Air Quality CO & PM in IR

  24. Additional Considerations • Fire Characterization/Emissions for Air Quality • Fire and association parameters • Fire location • Fire radiative energy (relationship with burned biomass) • Area burned • Information used for : • Assimilation into model simulations (forecast & assessments)

  25. Additional Considerations • Coastal Waters Quality • Red Tides • Chlorophyll • Beach water quality • Information used for : • People/fisheries health

  26. Additional Considerations • Emergency Response • Oil spills • Flooding/water contamination • Information used for : • Clean up • Health advisories

  27. Additional Considerations • Landscape Characterization • 30 m resolution • National land cover • Information used for • Water quality indices • Water models – runoff/sedimentation • Effectiveness of BMP’s • Ecological assessments • Regional vulnerability assessments

  28. Conclusion • Advance Baseline Imager (ABI) • Additional “MODIS like” bands very useful for air quality – especially .47 microns. • Hyperspectral Environmental Suite (HES) • Would like to see CO and O3 retrievals in IR (day/night). • Highest precision of state parameters possible. • Additional Considerations for Instrumentations • UV/VIS Instrument for trace gas retrievals. • Instrument related to coastal and U.S. navigable waters with high spatial resolution (1km).

  29. What is possible on GOES-R in 2012? Operations Research Decision Tools 2004- 2005 2006- 2008 2009-2012 2012 and beyond Pilot Studies: Initial research Shows satellite can provide Supra-regional Observations Initial research on use in Regional & Global Air Quality Models Demonstrate use of LEO satellite data to fill data gaps in non-urban areas and for data assimilation Air Quality data assimilation and prediction Air Quality Forecast Air Quality Forecast as Part of WRF Initiative within NASA/NOAA/EPA ESMF SCIENCE (potential) Geostationary Observatory for Tropospheric Air Chemistry MODIS AIRS OMI Ozone, PM CO data Nationwide Data Applications Research Validation & Verification Applications Demonstration Air Quality Management Tools (mature products) EPA, State, Local, and Tribal Air Quality Management Organizations APPLICATIONS Ozone, NO2, CO, SO2, HCHO, Aerosol All NAAQS Criteria Pollutants (except Pb) Ozone, CO, Aerosol

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