Starter – Name as many

1. Starter – Name as many • Ways that attitudes were changing towards women throughout the 1800s. • Significant protests/actions of the Suffragettes. • Ways you can get marks in a Higher History essay. *EP*

2. Higher HistoryBritain: Context 1The Reasons why Britain became more democratic between 1851-1928 Key Q: why did Britain go from a country with very little democratic power for the people to a fully democratic country by 1928 ? An Evaluation essay

3. Democracy

4. How democratic was Britain?? Not at all Fairly 1800 – Only the rich landowners could vote. Very few men and women could engage in political decision making. 1832 – The vote was given to men that owned property above a certain value. 1867 – Men paying rent over £10 a year could vote, this allowed skilled working class to vote for the first time. MPs were given to major growing cities like Liverpool & Manchester. 1911 – MPs began to be paid which allowed working class men the opportunity to stand and be a representative. 1918 – Representation of the Peoples Act.

5. Reforms 1867 2nd reform act – gave the vote to the male homeowners and renters above a certain value. This meant you did not have to own land to vote, so skilled working class men could. Also moved many seats from the country in to industrial cities so that they were more proportionate, giving cities more power. (Conservative passed to win support of working class) 1884 3rd Reform act – Working class men in the countryside given same rights as cities. Electorate increase to 50% of men. (passed by Liberals 1 year before general election in hope of getting support.) 1918 Representation of the peoples act – gave vote to all men over 21 (19 if fought in war) and women over 30 who met certain criteria. Electorate increased to 21 million. 1928 Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act - Women receive vote on equal terms to men.

6. What caused Britain to become more democratic?‘The Factors’ 1. Urbanisation & Industrialisation 2. Pressure Groups* 3. Effect of WW1* 4. Party Advantage 5. Examples of development abroad* For each factor we are going to make a detailed mindmap. This will include all the key detail to include in your paragraph. Use the growth of democracy hand out to help you.

7. Effects of industrialisation and urbanisation Factor 1

8. Industrialisation & Urbanisation • Industrialisation - a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. Industrialisation changes the things people do. Industrialisation caused towns to grow larger. Many people left farming to take higher paid jobs in factories in towns. • Urbanisation - the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities. Urbanisation occurs because people move from rural areas (countryside) to urban areas (towns and cities) This led to a growth of democracy because………

9. Industrialisation & UrbanisationKnowledge • The industrial revolution changed where people lived, how they worked and how they felt about their position in society. By 1900 75% of the population now lived in towns and cities. • Working class men in the cities who worked closer together began to hear socialist ideas and demand greater rights and responsibilities, including the right to vote. • Urbanisation meant that the old constituencies were outdated and growing industrial cities like Manchester and Liverpool were under represented by MPs. Changes were made to the number of MPs because of urbanisation.

10. Industrialisation & UrbanisationKnowledge • The industrial revolution changed where people lived, how they worked and how they felt about their position in society. By 1900 75% of the population now lived in towns and cities. • Working class men in the cities who worked closer together began to hear socialist ideas and demand greater rights and responsibilities, including the right to vote. • Urbanisation meant that the old constituencies were outdated and growing industrial cities like Manchester and Liverpool were under represented by MPs. Changes were made to the number of MPs because of urbanisation.

11. Industrialisation & UrbanisationKnowledge • Compulsory education for all in the 1870s & 1880s also contributed to Britain becoming more democratic. There was a greater awareness of political issues and a literate working class that could engage with newspapers and public libraries. • The development of railways led to a national network of rapid and reliable communications. The historian Sydney Wood – Britain and Scotland 1850-1979 – strongly argues that this was instrumental to the development of democracy in Britain.

12. Industrialisation & UrbanisationAnalysis • The new middle class (factory owners/business owners) argued that since they were the wealth creators they deserved a say in how the country was run. • They also claimed that skilled working class men were vital to the economic success of Britain and the Empire so deserved a say in how the country was governed. Land owning aristocracy could no longer control politics and democracy alone. • The working class were also becoming politically conscious thanks to the compulsory education and the growing network of newspapers and railways that allowed news and political campaigns to spread across the country e.g. Gladstone’s Midlothian campaign.

13. Industrialisation & UrbanisationAnalysis (+) • The Industrial Revolution led to social and demographic changes from the early 1800s. Even though the working class were becoming more involved in politics it took until 1918 for the majority of the working class males and any female to receive the vote. • This shows that it may have sparked a growth in democracy it cannot have been the only factor.

15. Pressure groupsFactor 2

16. Pressure GroupsKnowledge • Reform League and Reform Union both put pressure on the government and showed that men actively wanted greater democracy in the UK. • The Reform League organised the 1866 Hyde Park Demonstration demanding greater democracy. The demonstrators could not be contained by the Police and created a fear of revolution amongst the upper class unless the working class were appeased in some way. • 100,000 marched in Glasgow also putting pressure on the government to introduce democratic reform.

17. Pressure Groups Knowledge • Later in the 1800s and early 1900s Suffragists and Suffragettes campaigned for female suffrage.

18. Pressure GroupsAnalysis • The historian Royden Harrison believed it was a combination of pressure groups, the growing respectability of artisans (skilled workers) and the fear of disturbances or revolution which prompted reform in the 1860s. He wrote that the working classes had reached a point where ‘it was safe to concede its enfranchisement and dangerous to withhold it.’ He believed a revolutionary spirit existed in 1860s Britain created by a trade depression, which spread unemployment and a cholera epidemic which spread fear. • Suffragists and Suffragettes in particular kept women's suffrage high on the political agenda and undoubtedly made Britain more democratic by forcing the government to consider women’s franchise.

19. Pressure GroupsAnalysis (+) • The 1867 2nd Reform Act went further than what the Reform League & Reform Union demanded suggesting their protests and demands were largely ignored. It seems that the political parties introduced the reforms for their own advantage trying to gain the votes of the pressure group members rather than giving in to their demands. • Evidence that the Suffragettes actually harmed the campaign for women's votes so pressure groups not always a positive influence in making Britain more democratic.

21. Starter – RAD Knowledge • How many members did the Suffragists have in 1914? • How many women worked in the following during the war; 1) Munitions, 2) Women's Land Army, 3) Government jobs. • Why did the Industrial Revolution make Britain more democratic? (aim for 4)

22. Starter – RAD Knowledge • How many members did the Suffragists have in 1914? 53,000 • How many women worked in the following during the war; 1) Munitions 700,000 2) Women's Land Army, 23,000 3) Government jobs 20,000 • How did the Industrial Revolution make Britain more democratic? (aim for 4) Created a middle class who were wealth creators – felt they deserved a say in running country. Caused urbanisation – socialist ideas spread amongst workers who were close together. Increased education of working class – grew political awareness. Improvements in railway travel – allow rapid spread of newspapers and politicians travel.

23. Role of WW1Factor 3

24. WW1 Knowledge • World War 1 saw Britain rely on working class men like it had never done before. Young men who had never been able to vote before willingly gave up their life for their country and no one could argue on their return that they deserved a say in how the country was run. • Some men were even conscripted to fight after 1916 and deserved something in return for their service. • Women also stepped up and played a massive part in the war effort (700,000 munition factories, 23,000 WLA, 20,000 government departments) proving they were just as capable of men and deserved the vote just as much.

25. WW1Analysis • The war necessitated more political change. Many men still had no vote but were conscripted to fight from 1916. As further reform for males was being considered, fears of a revival of the militant women’s campaign, combined with a realisation of the importance of women’s war work led to the Reform Act of 1918 which gave votes to more men and some women. (From SQA Marking scheme) • Thank you (reward) theory. Men over age of 19 who fought in the war (all other males 21) proves this.

26. WW1 Analysis (+) • Young working class men had fought and died for Britain in previous Wars (Boer War 1899-1902) and never received a thank you or the vote for their effort. • The reward theory is particularly flawed when it comes to women and the vote. Majority of women who took part in the war effort were under the age of 30 and did not meet the criteria to vote.

28. Party AdvantageFactor 4

29. Whigs v Tories • The Whigs (Liberals) and Tories (Conservatives) were the two main political parties throughout the late 1700 – 1800s. • Both parties represented the elite and ruling class (as they voted for them) but both began to realise that the working class were becoming much more important politically. • Many historians argue that the timing of reforms and who they were aimed at suggest that the two major parties used reform in order to entice the new working class electorate to vote for them if they were the ones who gave them the vote in the first place.

30. Party AdvantageKnowledge • 1867 2nd reform act – ‘conservatives stole the clothes of the liberals back’ The Liberals had been in government for 20 years and the Conservatives wanted back in power. In 1865 the Liberals tried to introduce a new law that would have allowed the working class to vote. This was rejected by Parliament (including the Conservatives). A few months later the Conservatives introduced their own law to parliament that would give greater democracy to the working class. This was passed and the Conservatives and their leader Disraeli took all the credit. To summarise, in 1867 the Conservative Party stole many of the Liberal’s ideas about political reform and attempted to ruin their chances of winning support from working-class men. It was political sabotage of the highest order orchestrated by Disraeli and you can strongly argue that this was a highly influential factor in the development of democracy. To an extent the Reform Act could be seen as ‘stealing the Liberals ’clothes’ to gain support.

31. Party AdvantageKnowledge 2) Corrupt and Illegal Practices Act was passed in 1883 The Liberals passed this law in order to protect the working class from intimidation and pressure at the voting both from landowners. It made Britain more democratic as stopped landowners putting pressure on their tenants to vote a certain way. However, it also impacted the richer Conservatives who were banned from spending more excessive money on elections giving the Liberals more chance of success. 3) Third Reform Act 1884 - Working class men in the countryside given same rights as cities. Electorate increase to 50% of men. This was passed by the Liberal government in the hope that the working class voters in the countryside would be thankful and vote for them in the upcoming 1885 general election.

32. Party AdvantageAnalysis • Many historians argue that politicians used reform for their own personal gain. Leaders like Disraeli could see political change was inevitable (due to industrialisation and pressure groups) so wanted to be the party at the forefront that gave the working class the vote in order that they could benefit from the popularity. • By placing the reforms of 1883 and 1884 close to the next election, the Liberals hoped to gain advantage from grateful new voters in the countryside more fairly represented after the redistribution of seats.

33. Party AdvantageAnalysis • Many historians argue that politicians used reform for their own personal gain. Leaders like Disraeli could see political change was inevitable (due to industrialisation and pressure groups) so wanted to be the party at the forefront that gave the working class the vote in order that they could benefit from the popularity. • By placing the reforms of 1883 and 1884 close to the next election, the Liberals hoped to gain advantage from grateful new voters in towns more fairly represented after the redistribution of seats.

34. “Popular pressure had little effect on governments who had their own motives for reform….it can be argued that political advantage was at the heart of much of the change.” John Kerr

35. Foreign Influences • Britain seen as ‘mother of democracy’ and head of her empire. The wave of voting reform around the world put pressure on the UK to keep up and maintain its status. • However • No real evidence at all that was even discussed or considered by politicians at the time.

36. Historiography • On Industrialisation: David Thomson – argues the Industrial Revolution changed the political order across Europe. • On Pressure Groups: Historian Royden Harrison said that the fear of disturbances and even revolution combined with a new respect for artisans (skilled working class) helped achieve reform. • On Changing Attitudes of Political Parties: “Popular pressure had little effect on governments who had their own motives for reform….it can be argued that political advantage was at the heart of much of the change.” John Kerr

37. Evaluation – LoA (Industrialisation & Urbanisation) Industrialisation & Urbanisation root cause of all other factors. • Pressure Groups played an important role in showing the government that the working class and women wanted the vote but they only existed in the vast numbers they did thanks to the mass urbanisation that moved millions of workers to the cities. Only when in close proximity and sharing opinions and views with each other inside factories did ideas like socialism start to spread and the ability to form mass pressure groups that could influence the government become apparent. • For example 100,000 people marching in Glasgow in 1866 for greater democracy was only possible due to mass migration to towns and cities.

38. Evaluation – LoA (Industrialisation & Urbanisation) Industrialisation & Urbanisation root cause of all other factors. • World War 1 was a catalyst for giving working class men and some women the vote but the whole war itself can be traced back to rapid industrialisation and the arms race between the UK and Germany. Majority of jobs women did in order to win respect of the nation were a direct result of industrialisation. • For example - https://prezi.com/bwc2wpqn3u_7/did-the-industrial-revolution-inevitably-cause-world-war-1/

39. Evaluation – LoA (Industrialisation & Urbanisation) Industrialisation & Urbanisation root cause of all other factors. • Although Party Advantage did play a considerable role in early reforms like the 1867 & 1884 Reform Acts again it can be argued that the only reason the political parties had new voters to compete over was the improvements in education and transport due to the industrialisation of the UK. The working class were in a position where they now wanted the vote and both parties took advantage of that by introducing reforms to allow them to vote, but the root cause of that desire was increased education and awareness of political ideas caused by industrialisation. • For example Gladstone’s campaign of Midlothian by train had 50,000 people wanting to attend, although eh wanted to achieve a political advantage the public desire was there thanks to industrialisation

40. Pupil Task – Growth of democracy 1851-1918Detailed Timeline • Party Advantage • Industrialisation & Urbanisation What caused it? How it made Britain more Democratic. Situation in 1884 3rd Reform Act 1851 1918 Representation of the peoples act 1867 2nd Reform Act How it made Britain more Democratic. How it made Britain more Democratic. What caused it? • Industrialisation & Urbanisation • Party Advantage • Pressure Groups What caused it? • WW1 • Pressure Groups

41. 1867 2nd Reform Act - Before the Act, only one million of the seven million adult men in England and Wales could vote; the Act immediately doubled that number • 1883 3rd Reform Act - The Act extended the 1867 concessions from the boroughs to the countryside. All men paying an annual rental of £10 and all those holding land valued at £10 now had the vote. The British electorate now totalled over 5,500,000. • 1918 Representation of the Peoples Act - The Act extended the franchise in parliamentary elections, also known as the right to vote, to men aged 21 and over, whether or not they owned property, and to women aged 30 and over who resided in the constituency or occupied land or premises with a rateable value above £5, or whose husbands did. As a result of the Act, the male electorate was extended by 5.2 million to 12.9 million. The female electorate was 8.5 million

42. 2019 Past Paper Remember – 10/22 marks available can come from a women’s essay (6 KU & 4 A). This probably wont be anyone’s first choice essay but a straight forward essay that’s good to have as an option in the final exam. Particularly if you are learning women as one of your main ones.

43. Introduction (3) • Background (2 points) In 1851 political power was in the hands of a small number of wealthy land owning men. By 1928 this had totally changed and Britain could be described as a democratic country with the majority of men and most women now able to vote and changes to representatives like them being paid allowing the working class to take part. • Factors This happened for a variety of reasons such as ……, ……, …….., …….. • Argument (HAS TO LINK TO FACTOR IN QUESTION) Even though (isolated factor) played a rolethe most significant of these and cause of the largest social change in Britain's history was the effect of urbanisation and the industrial revolution.

44. Conclusion (3) • You get 1 mark for just summarising the key points. • You get 2 marks if you can summarise the key points and rank them in significance (on one hand, on the other hand, however most important was ___________) • To get 3 marks you need to show why each factor was important, compare it to most significant factor (extend LoA) and then justify at the end with 2 supporting reasons why it was the most significant. Example on handout.