IB syllabus says….

1. IB syllabus says…. • Discuss the use of compliance techniques (e.g. reciprocity principle, door in face technique, foot in door technique) TEXTBOOK PAGES: 116 to 119

2. Compliance presentations: • Compliance techniques demonstrations & presentation • Your task is to research and create a 10 minute presentation on a compliance technique assigned • You will work in four groups (Minor) – presentations on Wednesday(best grade from presentation & experimenter conduct will be included in final grade)

3. Groups…. Group 1: The ‘six weapons of persuasion’ & the ‘reciprocity principle’ (Gerard, Jhazz, Marina, Yong) (slides 6 to 15) Group 2: The ‘reciprocity principle’ applied to the ‘door in the face’ compliance technique & cultural differences (Tae Hyun, Lucas, JJ, Carl) (slides 16-19) Group 3:‘commitment’ and ‘foot in door technique’ and its application to real life (Sierra, Ishan, Alex, Jennifer) (slides 20-23) Group 4: The power of compliance through ‘hazing’ (Christian, Yoatzin, Young Hee) (slides 24-27)

4. Your presentation should have… • An explanation of the compliance technique • A novel skitto demonstrate the compliance technique • A discussion and evaluation of the research supporting the compliance technique (MECG) – you could also find some additional research of your own for this section • A PowerPoint which contains pictures only - you can use the info on the slides in this PowerPoint that relate to your section, but create a PowerPoint of only images to go along with this – make it interesting and original - at least 10 slides with images) • Make sure you have also read each of the sections before Wednesdays lesson so you understand all the different compliance techniques

5. Rubric…

6. Social influence: compliance - DEFINITION • Compliance is another important aspect of behavior within a group. • Compliance can be defined as the result of direct pressure to respond to a request—for example, when people comply to buy certain products, even though the direct pressure may not always be apparent to the individual.

7. Social influence: Compliance Techniques • One of the leading researchers in the psychology of persuasion, Robert Cialdini (2002) has outlined compliance techniques, or ways in which individuals are influenced to comply with the demands or desires of others. • This is the cornerstone of advertising and marketing, where sales tactics are always carefully examined on the basis of what would most likely persuade consumers to buy specific products. (2 mins in) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRd2r7SjIWk&feature=related

8. Cialdini (2002) outlines six “weapons of persuasion” that influence the likelihood that people will comply with a request: He developed six principles… 1) Authority: People comply more often with those in positions of some authority. Advertisers use famous people to brand their product so that people associate the brand with the famous person. For example, If that famous basketball player buys those shoes, then I should too! 2) Commitment: Once people have agreed to something, either by their behavior or by a statement of belief, they are likely to comply with similar requests. 3) Liking: People comply with requests from people they like.

9. Cialdini (2002) outlines six “weapons of persuasion” that influence the likelihood that people will comply with a request: 4) Reciprocity: People often feel they need to “return a favor”. 5) Scarcity: Opportunities seem more valuable to people when they are less readily available. This is why there are so many “last chance” and “limited time only” sales. 6) Social proof/ consensus: People view a behavior as correct if they see others performing it.

10. COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUE 1: Reciprocity • Travelling in the Middle East, tourists are often exposed to the compliance technique of reciprocity……. • Walking into a shop in the bazaar in Istanbul, you are greeted by the kind owner who invites you in, asks you where you are from, and then offers you a cup of coffee and some lovely Turkish pastries. • As you sit there, the hospitality of the owner makes you feel a bit guilty about just walking out without buying anything. If you were already thinking of buying a carpet, you might decide to have him show you his collection. • As he displays more and more carpets, taking them down from the rack, unrolling them, and then talking to you about their quality, you recognize that he is doing more and more work for you. You are more likely to feel that you need to purchase one of these carpets. • If you were not thinking of buying a carpet—or do not have enough money even if you wanted to—you may find yourself looking around the shop for something small that you could buy, and maybe give as a gift to someone when you return home.

11. The Reciprocity Principle… • What happens here is explained by the reciprocity principle—that is, the social norm that we should treat others the way they treat us. • Anthropologists and sociologists claim that reciprocity is one of the most widespread and basic norms of human culture. • This rule says that a person must try to repay what another person has provided. This is a way of creating confidence among people in that what is given to another is not lost but rather a sign of a future obligation that enables development of various kinds of relationships and exchanges.

12. The Reciprocity Principle… • In fact, nearly everyone is trained from childhood to abide by this rule. Since this rule is so powerful it can be used to one’s advantage as in the case of the carpet seller who offers a small gift because he knows that if a person accepts it, he or she is likely to buy something because of the rule of reciprocity. • Arousal of feelings of guilt plays a key role, as seen from the example above. • The strategy of reciprocity is not limited to Middle Eastern cultures. It is common practice in many cultures to offer gifts, free travel, or free time in hotels to potential customers—for example, when they subscribe to a magazine, sign up for a trip, or plan to buy a property.

13. The Reciprocity Principle… • Lynn and McCall (1998) even found that when restaurant customers are given a mint or sweet with their bill, the size of the tip they leave increases. • Tiger and Fox (1971) suggested that reciprocation (mutual indebtedness ) is a result of evolution. The feeling of future obligation has made an important difference in human social evolution, because it meant that one individual could offer something (e.g. food, or care) to another individual and be confident that he or she could expect something in return.

14. Regan’s (1971) laboratory experiment to test the reciprocity Principle… AIM: To test whether participants who had received a favor from another would be more likely to help this person than if they had not received a favor. PROCEDURE: One participant and a confederate were asked to rate painting. In the experimental condition the confederate left the experiment and returned after a few minutes with two bottles of coca cola. He had brought one for himself and one for the participant. In the control condition, the participant did not receive the coke. When all the paintings had been rated the experimenter left the room again. The confederate told the naïve participant the he was selling raffle tickets for a new car and that the one who sold the most tickets could win $50. He then asked the participant if he would buy some tickets and said that even a small amount would help.

15. Regan’s (1971) laboratory experiment to test the reciprocity Principle… FINDINGS: The participants in the experimental condition brought twice as many raffle tickets than participants in the control condition who had not received a favor first. As a follow up to the experiment the researcher investigated how mush ‘liking’ the confederate influenced the participant. The participants where asked to fill out rating scales indicating how much they liked the confederate. The researchers then compared how many tickets the participants had purchased from the confederate in the control condition. Liking was associated with buying significantly more tickets from the confederate in this condition. In the experimental condition it made no different whether participants liked the experimenter or not. Participants who received coca cola who did not like the confederate bought just as many tickets as those who liked him. This shows the powerful influence of reciprocity. Even if people don’t like a person they will return a favor. EVALUATION: Lab experiment, high degree of control, - its possible to establish cause –effect relation between receiving a favor and returning a favor. This supports the reciprocity principle. There are issues of artificiality and sampling bias which limits the possibility of generalizations. The findings have been supported by observations in real life.

16. Reciprocity…the ‘Door in face’ technique….. • However, reciprocity does not always involve giving gifts. It can also be because one feels that the other person has already compromised on what he or she wanted, and that this compromise should therefore be acknowledged with some behavior. • One example of this is called the door-in-the-face technique. • In this case, a first request is made which will surely be turned down. • Then a second request is made which asks less of someone. People are more likely to accept the second request because they feel that the person has already lowered the request in order to accommodate them (the compromise).

17. Cialdini et al. (1975) ‘door in the face’ field experiment.. • Aim: Demonstrate the power of the ‘door in face’ compliance technique • Procedures: Researchers posed as representatives of the “County Youth Counseling Program” and stopped university students on campus and asked them questions. • In the first data collection session they asked 'would you would be willing to chaperone a group of juvenile delinquents on a day trip to the zoo?’ – Finding:83 percent refused to volunteer • In the second data collection session they stopped students and first asked ‘would you be willing to sign up to work for two hours per week as counselors for a minimum of two years?—Finding:no one agreed to volunteer. • But when they followed up the students’ refusal with the request to take the juvenile delinquents to the zoo, Finding: approximately 50 per cent of students agreed to serve as chaperones. • Conclusion: door in face is a powerful compliance technique

18. ‘Door in face’ compliance applied to real life…. • This behavior can be seen in many contexts of daily life—for example, when the salesperson lowers the price of a product or service because the customer thinks it is too expensive. Once that compromise is made, the customer is more likely to make a purchase. • So what can be done? The best defense against manipulation is perhaps not to reject totally what is offered by others but rather to accept initial favors in good faith—and in some cases be prepared to view them as tricks. • If offers are seen in this way, there is no need to feel the necessity to respond with a favor unless you really want to.

19. Cultural norms and reciprocity • Ting-Toomey (1986) compared reciprocity in three individualist culture (Australia, USA and France) with reciprocity in two collectivist culture (Japan and China). She found that the principal of reciprocity is universal. • This could support the evolutionary argument but reciprocity is displayed different in the two types of culture. • In individualist cultures: reciprocity is voluntary so people are free to chose If they want to return a favor. • In collectivist cultures: obligatory reciprocity is the norm. It is seen as a moral failure if reciprocity is not honored.

20. COMPLIANCE TECHNIQUE 2: Commitment • Commitment is characterized as being consistent with previous behavior. • Cialdini (2002) argues that once people make a choice or take a stand, they will encounter personal and interpersonal pressures to behave consistently with that commitment. • Often, this occurs even when it appears illogical to the outsider.

21. Commitment: ‘Foot-in-the-door’ compliance technique… • Getting people to make a commitment to something small, with the hope of persuading them to agree to something larger often employs the foot-in-the-doortechnique. • For example, it is not uncommon nowadays to be stopped on a street corner and asked to sign a petition. These petitions may be for or against a law that may be passed, in support of a political party, or as part of a referendum. • Often, such petitions are simply discarded but the simple act of having signed the petition may influence a person’s later behavior with regard to the issue. By getting people to agree to sign their name, it is hoped that they will then support that cause in upcoming elections.

22. Dickerson etal. (1992). ‘Foot-in-the-door’ field experiment Aim: To see if they could get university students to conserve water in the dormitory showers using the foot in door compliance technique Procedure: They asked students in Santa Cruz, California to do two things: first, they asked them to sign a poster that said, “Take shorter showers. If I can do it, so can you!” • Then they asked them take a survey designed to make them think about their own water wastage. • Their shower times were then monitored. Findings: Students who had signed the poster and then been forced to think about their own water usage had average shower times of about 3.5 minutes. This was significantly shorter than the average shower time across the dormitories as a whole. Conclusions: Foot in door compliance clearly influences behavior. You could argue, of course, that it may be the other way round: they sign because they already have a commitment to the cause.

23. Evaluation of ‘Foot in door’ technique…. Compliance with a small request increases the likelihood of compliance with a second much larger request. This can perhaps be interpreted in terms of commitment. Once people has said yes, they perceive themselves as committed and want to behave consistently with that commitment. Much research done in this area has used pro-social requests and it seems that such requests are generally more likely to be accepted with this technique. It is more likely to be successful if the second request is an extension of the first one instead of being something completely different. Such results could perhaps be linked to the principle of people need for self-consistency. The foot in the door technique is more powerful when the persons self-image is related to the request, i.e. a request need to be kept close to issues which the person is likely to care about and support, such as helping other people or protecting the environment.

24. COMPLIANCE APPLIED: The power of compliance…Hazing • A final example of the power of compliance techniques can be seen in the controversial practice of hazing. Hazing is a series of initiation rites in order to join an exclusive group, such as a sports team, or a college or university fraternity. • Many US universities have barred the practice, after students have died while being exposed to extreme temperatures, drinking themselves into a coma, or literally digging their own graves. In spite of the many horror stories about hazing—and the efforts by universities to stop it—the practice continues. • Hazing is a form of initiation that is similar to many of the initiation rites seen in other cultures. In many African societies, there are initiation rites for young men in order to indicate that they have reached adulthood. • Also, military training involves “boot camps”, which are not just about teaching recruits how to do their job, but also about humiliation and overcoming difficulty.

25. The power of compliance…Hazing • Why does this behaviour continue, even if it is potentially dangerous and humiliating for those involved? • The individual must first choose to join the group, recognizing that there will be some initiation rite which he or she will have to endure. • During the hazing, the participant must rationalize that this is “worth it” in order to be part of the group. • Having completed the hazing, the individual has a sense of accomplishment, having proven his or her loyalty to the group. • Young’s (1963) study of 54 tribal cultures found that those with the most dramatic and stringent ceremonies were those with the greatest group solidarity. But can this be created in a group without any tradition of such practice?

26. The power of compliance…Hazing • Aronson and Mills (1959) carried out an field experiment to see if someone who has had to endure trouble or pain to join a group will value it more highly than someone who was able to join the group with no effort. In their study, they asked female college students to join a sex discussion group. • Some had to go through a severely embarrassing initiation in order to join, while others joined with no initiation ceremony. When the women were finally allowed to take part in the group, the meeting was made up of confederates who were trained to be as boring and uninteresting as possible.

27. The power of compliance…Hazing • The women who went through the initiation ceremony reported that they found the meeting extremely valuable, whereas those who did not have any initiation recognized that the meetings were “worthless and uninteresting”. • Gerard and Mathewson (1966) carried out further research where women received electric shocks. Those who endured pain as part of their initiation were more likely to find their group interesting, intelligent, and desirable.

28. Apply your knowledge • Using either of the compliance techniques discussed in this chapter, think about how you could reasonably (and ethically) increase participation in CAS activities in your school.

29. Outline and evaluate two compliance Techniques • Define Compliance • Identify and outline 1st compliance technique (reciprocity/door in face) • Outline some research which demonstrates the compliance technique • Evaluate that research – think critically – in terms of culture/gender/ethics/methodology • Identify and outline 2nd compliance technique (commitment/foot in door) • Outline some research which demonstrates the compliance technique • Evaluate that research – think critically – in terms of culture/gender/ethics/methodology • Come to a conclusion about the compliance techniques in general – point out how it can be used for positive and negative