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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA:

MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA: DERIVING SPATIAL SIMULATION SCENARIOS TOWARDS MANAGEMENT DIEGO LERCARI CICIMAR-IPN MEXICO. WP5 OBJECTIVES Deliverable 5.1 Review nature, role and effectiveness of MPA Examine need and potential role of new MPA.

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MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA:

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  1. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA: DERIVING SPATIAL SIMULATION SCENARIOS TOWARDS MANAGEMENT DIEGO LERCARI CICIMAR-IPN MEXICO

  2. WP5 OBJECTIVES Deliverable 5.1 Review nature, role and effectiveness of MPA Examine need and potential role of new MPA

  3. Gulf of California – Mar de Cortés 282 000 km2 – 232 islands Latitudinal range: 24º - 32º N Depth: 180m (north) - 4000 m (central) Mean SST: 23.5 ªC N, 26.5 ªCS Subtropical most productive and diverse ecosystem Mean productivity: 477 gCm-2yr-1

  4. MARINE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA • Invertebrates (excluding copepods and ostracods): 4,852 species (767 endemic) Fishes: 891 species (88 endemic to the Gulf) • Non-fish Vertebrates: 222 species (4 endemic to the Gulf) • Total: 5,965 species (859, 14.4%, endemic to the Gulf) • FISHERIES IN THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA • 50 % of Mexico's total catches • 60% of Mexico's totalvalue • 50 000 direct job • Shrimp • Sardine • Sharks, sciaenidae, serranidae…

  5. bathymetry satellite view from USA • Northern Gulf of California • One of the most productive and diverse region inside the Gulf • 36000 km2 • Colorado river mouth + delta • Mean depth: 180m north, 4000 m central trenches • Mean SST: 23.5 ªC N, 26.5 ªCS • 3 fishing ports

  6. MARINE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA • Invertebrates: 2,257 species (128 endemics) • Vertebrates: 516 species (10 endemics) • Mammals: (1 endemic; the vaquita Phocoena sinus) • Fishes: 367 (12 endemics) • Seabirds: 145 (no endemics) • Marine reptiles: 6 (no endemics) • FISHERIES IN NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA • Invertebrates: 2,257 species (128 endemics) • Vertebrates: 516 species (10 endemics) • Mammals: (1 endemic; the vaquita Phocoena sinus) • Fishes: 367 (12 endemics)

  7. Phocoena sinus(Norris & McFarland, 1958 ) Critically endangered: IUCN Smaller cetacean: 1.5 m – 55kg Endemic to the Upper Gulf Very reduced distribution: 600 inds. Bycath in gill nets of various sizes ENDENGERED SPECIES IN NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA Totoaba macdonaldi(Gilbert, 1890) • Endangered – totally banned • Largest Sciaenidae: 2 m - 135 kg • Endemic to the Gulf of California • Ontogenetic migration pattern • Historic stock depletion • Illegal adult fishing • Juveniles bycath in shrimp trawl

  8. Marine Protected Area – UGC&CRDBR Status: Upper Gulf of California / Colorado river Delta Biosphere Reserve: 1993 UNESCO-MAB Size and placement: 9348 km2 31 00' y 32 10' N & 113 30' y 115 15' W. Cyprinodon macularius Considered as one important Case of a MPA in México with diverse conflicts: fishing/conservation binational environmental impact (e.g. Colorado discharge) • MARINE SPECIES DIVERSITY IN UPPER GULF BIOSPHERE RESERVE • Invertebrates: 1,048 species (43 endemics) • Fishes: 230 (191 bony fishes, 39 cartilaginous fishes), 1 endemic • Marine Mammals: 15 (14 cetaceans, 1 sea lion), no endemics

  9. MPA OBJECTIVES • To conserve and protect: • Ecosystems • Biodiversity • Evolutionary processes • Commercial species critical habitats • Endangered species • Conserve the biodiversity and the Sonora desert, upper Gulf of California and Colorado river delta ecosystems. • Identify, protect and restore critical areas for endemic and endangered species. • Protect critical areas (e.g. spawning, nursery) for commercial or ecologically relevant species. • Regulate productive activities to match with the conservation objectives. • Promote sustainable productive activities • Impulse scientific investigation and environmental education towards the ecosystem knowledge and the rational use of the natural resources. • Conserve the genetic diversity to allow the evolutionary processes continuity. • Conserve the biotic and ecosystem integrity towards the sustainable resourceutilization

  10. MPA MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATIONPROGRAM: RESERVE OPERATION • Generates actions towards the mentioned objectives: 6 subprograms • Protection: inspection, vigilance and contingency response • Management • Management of economically important species • Ecosystems management • Make conservation a profitable activity • Promote ecotourism: increase income to local families • Others… • Restoration • Restore specific areas within the reserve • Restore vaquita and totoaba populations • Restore freshwater availability • Knowledge: promote research, monitoring • Culture: environmental education • Administration: human and economic resources, funding • STAFF • Director: 1 • Sub director: 1 • Project manager: 1 • Promoters: 2 • Assistant: 1

  11. ECOLOGICAL PLANING AND ZONIFICATION: RESERVE OPERATION Zonification criteria: natural features (e.g. wetlands, endemic species), land and marine resources employment. • BUFFER ZONE: 7709,8 km2 • Productive activities ALLOWED: subzonification • Traditional uses • Sustainable use of natural resources • Agroecosystems • Special use: salt extraction • Public use: beaches, camping • Human populations • Restoration areas • CORE ZONE = COLORADO RIVER DELTA: 1647,8 km2 • Includes best preserved areas • Critical areas: spawning, nursery, nesting • Relevant ecological processes: nutrient enrichment (tidal mix), saline gradient, etc. • All extractive activities are PROHIBITED*

  12. PARTICULAR FIHERIES ASPECTS Incidental catch < target catch no endangered species Benthic resources: manual, diving or traps Pelagic species: 1200 m longlines “cimbras” Other species: 500 m gillnets 15 cm mesh. Engine < 75HP Aquaculture: only native species • PROBLEMS • Effects of fishing: illegal fishing inside the core zone (ecospace scenario) • Habitat degradation: Colorado river flow and contamination • Vaquita and totoaba incidental catch still continues: need for a new MPA • ECTIVENESS: No publications in scientific journals nor in gray literature, showing biological or ecological benefits of this MPA. • Monitoring program working?

  13. SITE ACCOMPLISHMENTS TO DATE • First official Management Program developed in México • Involvement of small-scale fishing's sectors • Enforcing regulations in coastal activities • Promotion of the Recovery Strategy for the endangered vaquita • Promotion and managing ecotourism pilot projects • Promotion of environmental education campaigns • Promotion of binational agreements to protect existing Colorado delta wetlands • Promotion of alternative fishing activities such blue crab and hooka diving • Include the Reserve in national, regional and international conventions and cooperative agreements (Ramsar, AICAS, MAB, NAWMP)

  14. Continuing incidental capture of vaquita and totoaba. Natural Resources Defence Council (USA) impulse shrimp fishery without affecting the vaquita or promote a campaign against Mexican shrimp. Ample consensus to implement a new MPA. Refuge for the conservation of the vaquita (Phocoena sinus) 1,245.85 km² 897.09 km² inside the buffer zone 366.76 km² outside, adjacent to the reserve, completing the entire vaquita´s sighting region including Rocas Consag. Restriction in activities directly related to vaquita protection: gillnets and trawling. No management plan nor detailed design yet: opportunity to ecospace Examine need and potential role of new MPA

  15. Deliverable 5.2Run simulations of MPA effectiveness with Ecospace1- ecopath model:2- ecosim model: calibration: basic simulations3- ecospace model: constructionExamine effects of size and placement on the effectiveness of MPAs

  16. EXISTING ECOPATH MODELS NGC 1970-1980 NGC 1990-2000

  17. EXISTING ECOSIM SETINGS Time series fitting Vulnerability search • Effort • Catch • CPUE • PDOI • V >>3 top-down Totoaba • Effort • Catch • CPUE • COLORADO RIVER • V >>3 TOP-DOWN Blue shrimp • Censuses • PDOI • V = 1 bottom-up Zalophus

  18. EXISTING ECOSIM BASIC SCENARIOS: no fishing & doubling fishing TOP-DOWN TOTOABA ADLTS BOTTOM-UP 440% MIX-DEF MIX-CALIB 200% 140% VAQUITA 95% 55% NO FISHING 23% 20 YEARS NO FISHING

  19. TOP-DOWN TOTOABA ADLTS BOTTOM-UP MIX-DEF -16% MIX-CALIB -50% -41% -95% -80% VAQUITA 20 YEARS DOUBLE FISHING

  20. ECOSPACE DEVELOPMENT Model construction Basic exploration No MPA No buffer zone New refugee zone

  21. 1) > 200 m 2) < 100 m 3) 100-200m 4) Delta 5) Rocky 6) Wetlands and bays 7) Vaquita 1) BASE MAP 2) HABITAT DEFINITION

  22. 3) MPA DEFINITION • CORE ZONE • BUFFER ZONE • NEW POLIGON • 4) RELATIVE PP • SEAWIFE • ANUAL MEAN

  23. 5) HABITAT PREFERENCES AND DISPERSION RATES

  24. 7) BASIC SIMULATION SCENARIOS1) ACTUAL2) NO MPA – EFFECTIVENESS3) NEW REFUGEE 6) FISHING ACTIVITIES

  25. ACTUAL SITUATION

  26. ACTUAL SITUATION

  27. NO MPA SITUATION

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