Spanish Missions in Georgia A Document Based Lesson

1. Spanish Missions in Georgia A Document Based Lesson Image Sources:, http://www.lib-art.com, http://www.elpasotexas.gov

2. Georgia Performance StandardSS8H1 • The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and the impact of European exploration and settlement on the Native American cultures in Georgia. a. Describe the evolution of Native American cultures (Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian) prior to European contact. b. Evaluate the impact of European contact on Native American cultures; include Spanish missions along the barrier islands, and the explorations of Hernando DeSoto. c. Explain reasons for European exploration and settlement of North America, with emphasis on the interests of the French, Spanish, and British in the southeastern area.

3. Essential Question • What impact did Spanish Missions have on the Native American cultures of the late Mississippian Period?

4. Spanish Missions in Georgia • Overview: • The Spanish chapter of Georgia's earliest colonial history is dominated by the lengthy mission era, extending from 1568 through 1684. Catholic missions were the primary means by which Georgia's indigenous Native American chiefdoms were assimilated into the Spanish colonial system along the northern frontier of greater Spanish Florida. • The Documents • Document A: Indian-Spanish Map of Coastal Georgia (1930) • 2. Document B: Location of Spanish Missions in Georgia (map) • Document C: Spanish Mission Efforts in the Southeast • Document D: Layout of a Mission Community • Document E: Repartimiento (Obligatory Labor) • Document F: Encomiendas & The Repartimiento System • Document G: Franciscan Friars Among the Native Americans of the Late Mississippian Period • Document H: Official Franciscan Report to His Majesty Philip III on October 16, 1612 • Document I: Fray Blas Rodríguez : Final Sermon at Mission Santa Clara de Tupiqui • Document J: English Competition • Document K: Map of English Raids • Document L: Spanish Mission Ruins Franciscan Friar Content Source- New Georgia Encyclopedia (http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org)) Image Source-http://www.commons.wikimedia.org

5. Spanish Mission A series of religious and military outposts established by Spanish Catholics of the Franciscan Order. Source- http://www.wikipedia.org Barrier Islands A coastal landform and a type of barrier system, are relatively narrow strips of sand that are parallel to the mainland coast. Source- http://www.wikipedia.org Franciscan Members of Roman Catholic religious orders founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Franciscans led the Mission effort in the American Southeast. Source- http://www.wikipedia.org Colonial System The establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Source- http://www.wikipedia.org

6. Source- New Georgia Encyclopedia (http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org)

7. Background Essay Terms • Conversion • Mission • Friar • Mediation • Subordinate • Secular • Hereditary • Autonomy • Allegiance • Repartimiento

8. Hook Exercise • Image Source- • http://www.tumblr.com • Questions: • What message is the artist trying to convey in this cartoon image? ________________________________________________________________________________ • How do you think this image relates to the “New World” colonization efforts made by Europeans during the late 16th Century? ________ ________________________________________________________________

9. Indian-Spanish Map of Coastal Georgia (1930) • Image Source- http://www.glyngen.com • Questions: • According to this map, what was likely the “generic name” that the Spanish gave to Georgia’s coastal region? _______________________________ • Using the map for reference, what was the likely reason that this place was chosen for the building of Spanish Missions (Churches)? ______________________________________________________________ • Using your knowledge of geography and climate, what could be produced in the lands of Georgia’s coastal region? _______________________________ • _______________________________

10. Location of Spanish • Missions in Georgia (Map) • Image Source- http://www.sites.google.com • Questions: • What were the three primary regions established by the Spanish during the Mission Period? ______________________ • ___________________________________ • What do you think was the primary cultural feature that made each region unique? ____ • ___________________________________ • How many Spanish missions were there in Coastal Georgia? _____________________ • What is a garrison? ___________________ • ___________________________________ • What was the southern most mission? ____ • ___________________________________ • What was the northern most mission? _____ • ___________________________________ • On which of Georgia’s major geographical features were most of the missions located? • ___________________________________

11. Spanish Mission Efforts in the Southeast • Image Source- http://www.latinamericanstudies.org • Questions: • Besides Georgia’s coastal region, in which other parts of the American Southeast did the Spanish use missionaries to establish interlinked Christian (Catholic) communities? __________________________________________________________________________________ • What are the basic economic needs of these small Christian communities? __________________________________________________________________________________

12. Layout of a Mission Community • Images Source- http://www.accessgenealogy.com • Questions: • Using the top picture for reference, what was the basic layout of a typical Spanish Mission village? • _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • According to architect Richard Thornton, Wahale (Guale) villages were required to place a cross and a Spanish flag near the entrance to their villages. Why do you think that they were required to do this? • _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Instruction and order which is to be observed in the draft of the Indians who are going to be brought from the province of Guale for the cultivation of the fields of this city and presidio this present year of sixteen sixty-six, which is in the following form and manner: Firstly, from the village of Guadalquini, five Indians. From the villages of Santa Catharina and Satoache, eight Indians. From the village of Sapala, four Indians. From the village of Tupiqui, four Indians. From the village of San Phelipe, four. Which in all are twenty-five Indians, and it is consistent with this reckoning if it is suitable to draft more people. He will see the disposition which there is in each one of the villages, according to the people they have, altering the quantities if it is suitable, bringing a count and copy of the people who go, and how many from each village, so that with the same [count] they can return to their villages upon finishing the cultivation. And likewise he will give the Yamasee caciques who find themselves in that province to understand the great necessity which there is of people in order to cultivate the said fields, and by being suitable to the service of His Majesty, I order them to give as many Indians of their nation as they can for the said effect, assuring them on my behalf good treatment, and that I will have them paid for their labor. Source- http://www.digitallibrary.amnh.org Questions: How many Native Americans from the Guale province were forced into the system of obligatory labor in this account? __________________________________________________ What type of work were they to be doing? ________________ What would the Native Americans be guaranteed according to this decree? __________________________________________________ 4. What right did the Spanish colonial leaders reserve for the future of the agricultural season? __________________________________________________ Spanish leaders proclaimed that the Native Americans were obliged to serve the King of Spain with their labor. Do you think that this proclamation was justified? What, if anything were the Spanish providing to the Native Americans to put them in their service? __________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Repartimiento (Obligatory Labor)

14. Encomiendas (Spanish Plantations) & The Repartimiento System • Image Source- http://www.corbisimages.com • Questions: • What are the roles played by the Spanish and the Native Americans in this depiction of life under the Repartimiento System? • ______________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Franciscan Friars Among the Native Americans of the Late Mississippian Period • Image Source- http://www.texastwang.blogspot.com • Questions: • How are the depictions of the two priests (friars) quite different from the portrayal of the Native Americans in this image? ___________________________ • ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. “Though [the natives] did not kill them because of doctrine, it is certain that they slew them because of the Law of God they were teaching them and because of our moral precepts—so contrary to their way of life and their customs. Specifically they slew them because we would not consent that any married Christian should have more than one wife. . . . This is the reason which the Indians gave and, recognizing their sin, this day cite for their slaying of the friars. It is a recognized fact in this land that since the death of these blessed religious the native people have been turning more docile and peaceful, attaining their present state. It is the pious belief that these blessed ones are in God’s presence, interceding for the conversion of this land.” Source- http://www.catholic.com Questions: The Native Americans of the region killed five friars of the principal missions in 1612. According to the account, these missionaries were killed because of irreconcilable cultural differences. What were these major differences? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What other reasons might there have been for the murder of the missionaries? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Official Franciscan Report to His Majesty Philip III on October 16, 1612

17. “My sons, for me it is not difficult to die. Even if you do not cause it, the death of this body is inevitable. We must be ready at all times, for we, all of us, have to die someday. But what does pain me is that the Evil One has persuaded you to do this offensive thing against your God and Creator. It is a further source of deep grief to me that you are unmindful of what we missionaries have done for you in teaching you the way to eternal life and happiness.” Source- http://www.catholic.com Questions: According to Fray (friar) Blas Rodríguez, what had the missionaries done for the Native Americans? _________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Do you think that the missionaries were sincere in their efforts to convert the Native Americans to Christianity? ________________ ___________________________ Was the Spanish colonial system an impediment to their mission work? ______________________ ___________________________ Fray Blas Rodríguez : Final Sermon at Mission Santa Clara de Tupiqui

18. “The English are united and confederated with another nation of thieving Indians called Chichimecos, so that these make war on and disturb the natives already converted to the Catholic religion, and who find themselves under obedience to His Majesty, entering in the provinces of this jurisdiction to do all evil and damage to them, induced by the said English.” Source- http://www.digitallibrary.amnh.org Questions: What motives do you think the English had for making military alliances with Muscogee speaking Native Americans living north of the Spanish Missions? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What economic motives do you think the English had for inducing the northern natives to attack Spanish settlements? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ What religious motives do you think the English had for inducing the northern natives to attack? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ English Competition

19. Map of English Raids • Image Source- http://www.uwf.edu • Questions: • Which Native American tribes allied themselves with the English in the struggle for control of the American Southeast? _______________ • ________________________ • ________________________ • What does this map show us about the waning Spanish influence in the American Southeast? _______________ • ________________________ • ________________________ • What was probably the most important English stronghold in the American Southeast? ____ • ________________________ • 4. What were probably the two most important Spanish strongholds in the New World according to this map? ______ • ________________________

20. Spanish Mission Ruins • Image Source- http://www.glyngen.com • Questions: • Using these images for reference, what was the ultimate fate of the Spanish Mission villages? • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ • What combination of factors led to their ultimate fate? • __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

21. Decline of the Missions Source: http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org • Over the course of the mission period Indian population levels declined rapidly and substantially, plummeting well over 90 percent in many areas. Depopulation, combined with widespread forced resettlements dating to 1656 and 1657, eventually led to the abandonment of Georgia's interior missions. Beginning with a devastating 1661 raid on the Santo Domingo de Talaje Mission at the mouth of the Altamaha River, there were also armed slave-raids by Indians allied with the English. These raids finally resulted in the retreat of all coastal missions to the barrier islands by 1685. • During this same period, refugees who came to be known as Yamasee Indians also settled briefly among the Mocama and Guale. They fled during pirate raids against the missions in 1683 but later joined the English in slave-raids on Florida. A final pirate raid in October 1684 left Georgia's remaining missions in ruins, ending the mission period in this state. Georgia's surviving mission Indians retreated south of the St. Mary’s River, where they were pushed farther southward. All remaining missions across Spanish Florida had retreated to St. Augustine by the summer of 1706. The surviving descendants of Georgia's Guale and Mocama missions were among the eighty-nine Indians who chose to evacuate Florida with the Spanish in 1763, relocating permanently to Cuba.