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Learning

Learning. How do we learn?. What is Classical conditioning?. Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior). Classical Conditioning. Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone

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Learning

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  1. Learning How do we learn?

  2. What is Classical conditioning? • Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

  3. Classical Conditioning • Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat • Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation • Neutral Stimulus = Tone • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone • When paired with the unconditioned stimulus • Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

  4. Example

  5. Example

  6. Example • Father spanks son for swearing. • Son develops a strong fear of his father. Father is a(n) _____________? • Conditioned stimulus

  7. Classical Conditioning • Acquisition • Extinction • Patient riding elevators to extinguish fear of elevators

  8. What is generalization?

  9. Do you remember? • Who developed classical conditioning? • How can you condition a cat to come when it is time to eat? • What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR • What is generalization?

  10. What is Operant Conditioning? • B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior) • Associating behavior with its consequences • E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

  11. What does reinforcement do? • Positive reinforcement • Increases behavior • Give something a person wants • E.g. Vending machine • Negative reinforcement • Increases behavior • Remove an unwanted stimulus • E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother nagging

  12. Pos. & Neg. Reinforcement

  13. What are primary & secondary reinforcers? • Primary = Innately reinforcing • Food & Sex • Secondary reinforcers (Conditioned reinforcer) • Associated with a primary reinforcer • E.g. Money Food Want Food Want

  14. Do you want immediate or delayed Reinforcement? • Immediate reinforcement is more motivating • A smaller check now is immediate reinforcement. • As opposed to delayed reinforcement • A larger paycheck at the end of the month. • Lottery payout • Saving for retirement • Social Security at age 62 or 70

  15. What are reinforcement schedules? • Continuous • Every time • Partial (Intermittent) • Fixed ratio • $15 for every 3 pages you write • Fixed Interval • $15 for every hour you work • Variable ratio • $15 after varying # of pages • (You do not know how many pages you will need to do before you get paid again) • Variable interval • $15 given at various times during the day What reinforcement schedule does a slot machine use? What reinforcement schedule does your employer use?

  16. What does punishment do? • Positive punishment • Reduces behavior • Get something you don’t want • Time out, spanking, or jail • Negative punishment • Reduces behavior • What you do want is taken away ( Television time) • Problem with punishment • Creates anger, fear, resistance • Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.

  17. How does shaping work? • Reinforce closer and closer approximations of what you want • Cookies to reinforce quiet play • Each time they need to play longer to get the cookies • M&M therapy • Animal behavior

  18. Do you remember? • Who developed operant conditioning? • How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? • What is an example of positive and negative reinforcement? • What is an an example of five reinforcement schedules? • What is an example of shaping?

  19. What kinds of motivation do you have? Internal (intrinsic) Motivation Hobby - You like doing it External (outside) motivation Job - You get money for doing it

  20. How does thinking effect your behavior? Behavior is not automatically produced by a reward. We think about it, and ask: How much of the reward do I get? What are the chances of getting the reward? Is the reward worth it?

  21. What is observational Learning? • Albert Bandura • Modeling - Bobo doll experiment • E.g. Child turning the key to start the car • (without explicit training) • Matt using the ATM machine after watching Dad

  22. Do you remember? • What do you do because of internal motivation? • What do you do because of external motivation? • How does cognitive processes (thinking) effect rewarded behavior? • What did you learn with observational behavior?

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