“Sustainable Power Development through Green Power Technologies”

1. “Sustainable Power Development through Green Power Technologies” Presented By: Dr. V. K. Sethi Director-UIT, Rector RGPV State Tech Univ of MP & Head, Energy Deptt

2. Power Generation Transmission & Distribution At a Glance

4. Thermal

5. Three Stage Indian Nuclear Power Programme Globally Advanced Technology Globally Unique World class performance • Stage - III • Thorium Based Reactors • 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating • 300 MWe AHWR- ready for deployment • Availability of ADS can enable early introduction of Thorium on a large scale • ENERGY POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE • Stage – I • PHWRs • 17 Operating (4240 MWe) • 1 to start soon(220 MWe) • 4– 700 MWe units under construction (2800 Mwe) • Several 700 MWe units planned • LWRs • 2 BWRs Operating (320MWe) • 2 VVERs under • construction (2000 Mwe) • Several LWRs planned • Stage - II • Fast Breeder Reactors • 40 MWth FBTR - Operating since 1985 • Technology realised • 500 MWe PFBR- • Under Construction • Pre-project activities for two more FBRs approved • TOTAL POWER POTENTIAL  530 Gwe(including 300 GWe with Thorium) • No additional mined uranium is needed for this scale up

6. The Major Contradictory ChallengesFaced by Developing world • Quest for increased Generation capacity - Terawatt Challenge • Climate Change - rising GHG level • Continued focus on coal based generation

7. Government of India’s National Missions • National Solar Mission 2009 • National Renewable Energy Mission “A target of 10% of Renewable Energy by 2012” • National Mission on Combating Climate Change through Green & Clean Power • National Bio-diesel Mission • National Mission of Hydro Potential Exploitation • National Mission on ‘Clean Coal Technologies’ for Mega Power Generation

10. CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY INCREASED GHG EMISSION • Green House Gas level rise to a current level of 390 ppm and consequent climate change, floods and draughts has affected 260 million people between 2000 and 2004 through natural calamities, of these, 98% were in developing nations. • Developed countries with population of 15% of world population have the share of CO2 emissions at 50%. • CO2 level has risen to 390 ppm from 1975 level of 330 ppm. • There is so much momentum in the system that we will certainly double CO2 level by end of the century. • Global temperature rise by 3 to 4 0C will cause displacement of over 330 million people in developing world.

11. China and India are projected to account for 30% of the world’s increase in energy consumption between 2000-2020 and 92% of increase in coal use. • World Green House inventory is over 29,000 Million tones per annum (MTPA) with US over 20% (India with total emission of about 1400 MTPA is only at 4.8 %.) • Coal is going to remain main stay for power generation in at least next Three decades for India (87,093 MW Coal based generation out of 1,63,669 MW total power installed capacity)

12. Green House inventory for India for Energy Sector (Million Tonnes of CO2) Source: IAE: 1999

13. Tera-watt Challenge for synergy in Energy & Environment • A terawatt Challenge of 2012 for India To give over one billion people in India the minimum Electrical Energy they need by 2012, we need to generate over 0.2 terra watt (oil equivalent to over 3 million barrels of oil per day) and 1 TW by 2050,primarily through Advanced fossil fuel technologies like CCTs for limiting GHG emission levels • By 2020 our mix of generation would have the Peak in Thermal, certainly it would be theGreen Thermal Power: • Thermal 326,000MW • Renewable & Hydro 104,000 MW • Nuclear 20,000 MW • Total 450,000 MW

14. Energy for the Earth Planet- Non-CO2 Options • World Generates 15 Terawatt of Energy (the US - about 3TW, India - 0.16 TW) today to support 10 billion world population. This is Equivalent to230 million barrels of oil /day. • By 2050 it is projected to need about 35 TW. The world would need about 20 TW of non-CO2 energy to stabilize CO2 in the atmosphere by mid century. • Among the non-CO2 options , it is possible that solar is the only one that can meet this Terawatt challenge and at the same time contribute to the reduction of climate change, with about 125,000 TW of global incident sunlight.

18. Can we address the following issues by roping in renewables? GDP growth must be sustained and lack of energy availability should not pull it down. Exchange crisis should not recur due to bulging Oil import bills Climate change is a concern and countries with low per capita income are more vulnerable to the effects of climate change The answer seems to be ….yes. 12/20/2019 12/20/2019 18 18

19. National Solar Mission- Proposed Road Map 12/20/2019 19

20. The National Solar Mission The National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India and State Government to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. It will also constitute a major contribution by India to the Global efforts to meet the challenges ofClimate Change

21. INDIANPOWER SECTOR - TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE POWER DEVELOPMENT • Total Installed Capacity … 1,63,669 MW • Thermal Generation … over 64 % • Although no GHG reduction targets for India but taken steps through adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies,Combined cycles, Co-generation, Coal beneficiation,Plant Performance optimization • Under Kyoto Protocol; Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) conceived to reduce cost of GHG mitigation, while promoting sustainable development as per Framework Convention on Climate change (FCCC)

22. FRONTALS IN ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT • GREEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES – PRIMARILY THE CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGIES • ZERO EMISSION TECHNOLOGIES FOR TRANSPORT, POWER PLANTS & INDUSTRIAL SECTOR • AFFORDABLE RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES • ENERGY EFFICIENCY • CDM OPPORTUNITIES IN ENERGY SECTOR

23. Mission Energy Security and Energy independence • Climate Change – Nature’s Fury • Solar for irrigation • High Efficiency CNT Based PV Cells • Hydrogen as Fuel for future • Accelerated Program on Thorium based Nuclear Reactor • Clean coal Technologies like SCR, IGCC • Bio-fuels for Railways and Mass Transport • Energy Security by 2020, Energy Independence by2030 ….Reference: Address by President of India 14th Aug 2005

25. Green Energy solutions Promote CCT in countries like India & China where coal is main stay fuel for Power Generation. Increased use of Advanced Fossil Fuel Technology Energy Farming Energy Efficiency Major shift towards Green Technologies Adoption of Renewable Energy Technologies in Rural Sector

26. Impact Green Projects at RGTU • CO2 Capture, Sequestration and Production of Multi-purpose fuels – Hydrogen, Methane and Biodiesel through Algae route • Production of CNG from Coal–gasification route • Solar, Wind & Biomass Hybrid System • 60 kW Solar-Wind Hybrid system at Hill top of RGTU • High yield Jatropha plantation and Bio-diesel production using indigenously designed Bio-diesel reactors

27. CO2 Sequestration Pilot Plant installed under the DST Project

28. THE ROAD MAP • Government of India has declared its policy on CO2 abatement by the announcement and adoption of the ‘National Action Plan on Climate Change’. • It has also made voluntary commitment at the Copenhagen Summit that the Country shall decrease its Carbon Intensity by 20% by 2020 and 50% by 2050. • The bulk of CO2 is emitted by the Thermal Plants in the Power Sector. For EPA regulations to be implemented there have to be a road map as to how this can be done without major impact on the cost or efficiency of the Thermal Plants

29. Solution lies in… • The thermal plants in India have a thermal efficiency of 35% and an emission ratio of 0.90Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions as published by CEA. The reduction of 20% intensity would translate to a decrease of 0.20Kg/kWh of CO2 emissions i.e. below 0.70Kg/kWh CO2 emissions by 2020. • This decrease is possible by a combination of abatement and recycling measures. The CO2 reduction by an Amine system of 30% CO2 capture would mean a decrease of Thermal Efficiency by 2%

30. Application Potential: • Long Term • Deployment of the Technology to Actual Power Plants of NTPC • through BHEL / TOSHIBA or any other major player • Immediate • Green Energy Technology Centre (GETC) being set-up for Teaching • & Research (M. Tech & PhD) • Future action plan: • Efforts are underway to extend the scope of the process by incorporation a Coal gasifier and recycling of carbon through collaborative research and Distributive Research Initiatives (DRI) with Research Organizations and Power Industries.

31. Carbon Capture & Sequestration • India’s position with regard to Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS) is very clear. We don’t make any commitment at this stage regarding deployment of CCS technologies. India advocates very strongly the Carbon Capture & Sequestration. • Some of the demo pilot projects include. • -Pilot project on Geological CO2 sequestration in basalt rock formation. The question of adoption of CCS will depend on this technology being cost effective. • -Projects under DST sponsored National Program on Carbon Sequestration (NPCS)

32. CO2 mitigation Options: Case of Electricity Sector • Coal: Dominates the electricity sector today • Fuel switching (Coal NG) • Conventional Plants + Carbon Capture & Sequestration (CCS) (Post –Combustion CO2 Capture) • Gasification/ Reforming + CCS (Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture) • Oxyfuel Combustion + CCS

33. $ per tonne CO2 avoided $ per tonne CO2 avoided 200 150 100 50 0 CO2 Capture/Sequestration $ per tonne CO2 avoided 0 500 1000 1500 2000 200 150 100 50 0 Nuclear 0 500 1000 1500 2000 200 150 100 50 0 Renewable 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Million tones CO2 Figure: Comparison of CO2 capture & Sequestration Technologies with other leading mid-to long-term option

34. Issues before the house • Promotion of Clean Coal Technologies • Technology break thoughts in the areas like CO2 capture and Clean Coal Technologies • Development of low cost solar photo voltaic cells • Bringing Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation on the top of the National Agenda • Promotion of Carbon Trading on the strength of Energy Efficiency and Green Environment initiatives. • Base line methodologies for variety of Clean and Green Technologies need to be redefined.

38. Thanks