War Changes Everything – thoughts, society, politics

1. War Changes Everything – thoughts, society, politics • Warmup: Choose two of the wars and explain two important effects of the war on American society. Do NOT simply explain the results of the war • French and Indian War • War for Independence • War of 1812 • Mexican American War • Civil War • World War I

2. World War II Significant Topics

3. Changes in Foreign Policy following World War IInvolvement to Isolationism!

4. Isolationism in the 1920s • Refusal to join League of Nations • In spite of democratic support, treaty failed due to unwillingness to compromise • Disarmament! • BUT!!! • Washington Conference • 5:5:3 ratio on capital ships • US and UK would not fortify Pacific • Kellogg Briand Pact • Stimson Doctrine (1932), following invasion of Manchuria, led to further Japanese aggression.

5. Growing concern with depression, faith in island fortress, some sympathy for Hitler and fascists, growing sense that World War I was futile (70% thought it was a mistake – 1937) Nye Committee(1934) concluded war was the fault of arms merchants and bankers – merchants of death (traditional western suspicion of banks and east) Literature Peace Strike (1936) No response to the Holocaust (1939) Isolationism in the 1930s

8. Neutrality Acts – go in effect if war was recognized by the P (spelled doom for opponents of fascists) 1935 – no munitions to belligerents 1936 – no loans to nations at war 1937 cash and carry only for non war materials Neutrality = Appeasement? Ludlow Amendment of 1938 – only direct intervention by FDR prevented passage Nonintervention in Spain – no support for republicans No response to sinking of Panay (1937) Rejection of Roosevelt’s quarantine speech (“positive endeavors to quarantine aggressors”) Isolationism = Retreat?

9. Critics of Policy

10. 11/39 (following collapse of Poland)– announced the beginning of cash and carry for war materials. Good for Europe and the economy – not China America First! -organization of isolationists who hoped to defend America by staying out of the war 1940 Defense budget increased First peace time draft Transfer of surplus military supplies to Britain 50 destroyers traded to Britain for 8 bases(11/40) exec order! Still campaign promise that American boys would not be sent to war. – no real difference with GOP Roosevelt

12. Lend Lease (3/41) 7Billion the first year – even Russia! In the end 50B. US would be the arsenal of democracy Naval Warfare US escorted British merchant ships . The USS Greer was attacked by UBoat shoot on sight policy and other ships sunk. Atlantic Charter 8/41 Pearl Harbor Remember tension predated war 1940 – US announced embargo on supplies to Japan 1941 Japanese assets frozen - trade would resume if J pulled out of C US cracked Japanese code and knew attack was coming just not where. 1941 – an undeclared ally

14. America and European Jews • Land of “gentlemen’s agreements” • Quotas not met (400,000) slots unfilled in 1939 • St. Louis – ship of refugees returned • Wagner Rogers bill to admit 20,000 kids failed • Jews with special talents admitted • State Department officials instructed to delay visas – 1940 • no attempts to destroy death camps • no programs to rescue Jews • “We can delay and effectively stop for a temporary period of indefinite length the number of immigrants into the United States. We could do this by simply advising our consuls, to put every obstacle in the way and to require additional evidence and to resort to various administrative devices which would postpone and postpone and postpone the granting of the visas.”

15. Economic Impact The end of the depression – GNP rose from 91 to 211B 320B spent was twice as much as all previous federal expenditures! A ship a day, 300,000 planes, 86,000 tanks, 6T tons of explosives – the arsenal of democracy! Equipped two US wars, our allies and a generous standard of living! The Impact of the War

16. Effects of War Spending

17. The Birth of the Middle Class! 17M new jobs, 15M soldiers, overtime, women working + forced savings! (this sets up the 50s consumer lifestyle!) Some redistribution of wealth

18. “if you are going to war in a capitalist country you have got to let business make money” –Stimson Most contracts to the largest corps. 2/3 to the largest 100. 500,000 business disappeared Corp profits from 6.4B in 1940 to 10.8B in 1944 Business Benefits

19. 1. Rationing and Price Controls Office of Price Administration rationing Anti-Inflation Act 2. Controlling Labor ”no-strike” pledges Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (War Labor Disputes Act) (1943) union membership: major increase MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY Labor Union Membership, 1920-1960 Ration Card

20. Increasing role of government in the economy – fed gov’t tripled in size. “Office of War Mobilization” – no more production of consumer durables, nonmilitary housing and autos – other products rationed including meat and gas Taxes – 43% paid with taxes unlike CW and WWI. Also deficit spending. Impact on Government

21. “wizards’” according to Churchill Education and federal government joined – funded projects at major research universities. DDT, penicillin, synthetic rubber, Manhattan Project GI Bill introduced at the end of the war Education

22. Demographic Shifts • Urbanization – continuation of Great Migration • Migration to West, esp. California • rapid industrialization of some western states (California) • South –military posts and defense installations Population Shifts 1940-1950 Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and Airfields

23. Different response from 1917. support for war contingent on civil rights improvements Double V campaign – resistance “there will be a change in the old form of democracy” “we will be needing the klan again” A. Philip Randolph called for a thundering march of 100K on DC to wake up and shock white America in 1941.  Executive Order 8802 to ban discriminatory employment in all defense industries and fed gov’t. . Fair Employment Practices Commission estalbished. CORE established – dedicated to using nonviolent resistance. Still segregation in military remained. African Americans

25. WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY • Armed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in WACS and WAVES. • Work Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase) • concentrated in government clerical jobs • "Rosie the Riveter“ – new type of work • Expected to leave the work force after the war • Families – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime • Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war

26. “my mother warned me when I took the job that I would never be the same. She said, ‘you will never want to go back to being a housewife.’ She was right… After the war, I could never go back to playing bridge again, being a clubwoman and listening to a lot of inanities when I knew there were things you could use you mind for. The war changed my life completely.”

27. Office of Censorship to control the public’s knowledge of the war. 3/21/42. Exec Order 9906 internment of 112,000 Japanese (2/3) native born. (choice join army, voluntarily relocate or internment) Roots = fear of sabotage, economic rivalry and racial prejudice (note no policy in Hawaii) Policy supported by Korematsu v. US in 1944 but in 1988 US acknowledged wrong and paid an indemnity to surviving families.” Impact of Freedoms

29. Japanese-American Internment Japanese-American store Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival at Assembly Center, Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942 Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

30. Japanese-American Internment War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942 Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA, April 29, 1942.(National Archives and Records Administration) The Hirano family, Colorado River Relocation Center, Poston, AZ

31. BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE • FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945) • Harry S Truman (President 1945-53) Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945 President Truman addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s death

32. BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE • Manhattan Project (begun 1942) • Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945 • Unconditional surrender or face ”utter destruction” • Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) • Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) • Japan surrender September 2, 1945 (V-J Day) Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., & the ENOLA GAY Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & “Fat Man”

33. Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

34. Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 1945

35. Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, 1945

36. Nagasaki atomic bombingAugust 9, 1945

37. Aftermath of Nagasaki bombing

38. Arguments for use Japanese refused to surrender. It was estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to bring the war to an end. US officials estimated conquest of Japan’s empire would last an additional 18 months to 2 years. US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to huge Japanese losses if there was an invasion of Japan. Japanese leadership was informed of the destructive power and nature of the bomb and offered a period to surrender but declined. Arguments opposed Bombs were untested and their destruction unknown Neither city was a major military target and the attacks would mainly kill Japanese civilians. Japan was already attempting to surrender and had no remaining navy or airforce Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination would have negative effects on the population. Would set a precedent about using weapons of mass destruction in war ATOMIC BOMB