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2. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank Visual Concepts

3. States of Matter Chapter K2 Table of Contents Section 1 Three States of Matter Section 2 Behavior of Gases Section 3 Changes of State

4. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Bellringer Work on the wordsearch available at your group.

5. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Objectives • Describe the properties shared by particles of all matter. • Describe three states of matter. • Explain the differences between the states of matter.

6. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Particles of Matter • The states of matter are the physical forms in which a substance can exist. • The three most familiar states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas. • Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules. These particles are always in motion and are always bumping into one another.

7. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Particles of Matter, continued • The particles in matter interact with each other. • The way the particles interact with each other helps determine the state of the matter. • The interactions between particles in three states of matter is shown on the next slide.

8. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Solids • Asolidis the state of matter that has a definite shape and volume. • Molecule movement is small: vibration • Molecules are close together • High attraction/ strong bonds

9. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Solids, continued • There Are Two Kinds of Solids • Crystalline solids have a very orderly, • three-dimensional arrangement of particles. • Iron, diamond, and ice are crystalline solids. • Amorphous solids are made of particles • that do not have a special arrangement. • Glass, rubber, and wax are amorphous solids.

10. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Liquids • Liquid is the state of matter that • has a definite volume but takes • the shape of its container. • The particles of a liquid move fast • enough to overcome some of the • attraction between them. • The particles in a liquid slide past each other.

11. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Liquids, continued • Liquids Have Unique Characteristics Two special properties of liquids are surface tension and viscosity. • Surface tension is a force that acts on the particles at the surface of a liquid. • Viscosity is a liquid’s resistance to flow.

12. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Gases • Gas is the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume. • The particles of a gas move quickly and can break away completely from one another. • The amount of empty space between gas particles can change.

13. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2

14. Section1 Three States of Matter Chapter K2 Plasma • Plasma is the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume and is almost pure energy. • The particles of a plasma move fast and break away completely from one another. • Super heated gas. • Most common state of matter in the universe.

15. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Bellringer 9-19-14 Start up your computers. You need to take the quiz “Behavior of Gases” using the notes we took yesterday. Use the 1st 10 min of class to do so. Once you have scored 8 or above, you may start the Phet “Gas Properties” lab.

16. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Bellringer 9-18-14 What gas is used in a balloon to make it float in the air? What about a hot air balloon? What type of gas is used in this type of balloon? In your science journal, write an explanation of why you think the balloon can fly with only air in it and not helium.

17. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Objectives • Describe three factors that affect how gases behave. • Predicthow a change in pressure or temperature will affect the volume of a gas.

18. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Describing Gas Behavior • Temperature • Temperature is a measure of how fast the particles in an object are moving. • The faster the particles are moving, the more energy they have. Faster particles= more energy • When dealing with gases, scientists use the Kelvin scale

19. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Describing Gas Behavior • Volume • Volume is the amount of space that an object takes up. • Because gas particles spread out, the volume of any gas depends on the container that the gas is in. • Volume depends on container

20. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Describing Gas Behavior, continued • Pressure • The amount of force exerted on a given area of surface. • You can think of pressure as the number of times the particles of a gas hit the inside of their container. • Pressure = number of times particles hit inside of container

21. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Gas Behavior Laws • Boyle’s Law • Boyle’s law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely related to pressure. • (Less volume= more pressure)

22. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2 Gas Behavior Laws • Charles’s Law • Charles’s law states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas changes in the same way that the temperature of the gas changes. • (More temperature= More volume)

23. Section2 Behavior of Gases Chapter K2

24. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Bellringer Take the first 10 min. of class to work on the vocabulary matching sheets/wordsearch in your groups.

25. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Bellringer Write a description of what must be done to liquid water to change it to ice or to change it to steam. Based on your explanation, predict what must happen to cause matter to change state. Write your answer in yourscience journal.

26. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Objectives • Describe how energy is involved in changes of state. • Describe what happens during melting and freezing. • Compare evaporation and condensation. • Explain what happens during sublimation. • Identify the two changes that can happen when a substance loses or gains energy.

27. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Energy and Changes of State • A change of state is the change of a substance from one physical form to another. • The particles move differently at different states. • The particles have different amounts of energy at different states.

28. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2

29. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Melting: Solid to Liquid • Melting is the change of state from a solid to a liquid. • The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is its melting point. • Adding Energy For a solid to melt, particles must overcome their attractions to each other. • When a solid is at its melting point, any energy added is used to overcome attractions between particles.

30. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Freezing: Liquid to Solid • Freezing is the change of state from a liquid to a solid. • The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is its freezing point. • Removing Energy When a liquid is at its freezing point, removing energy will cause the particles to begin locking into place.

31. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Evaporation: Liquid to Gas • Evaporation is the change of state from a liquid to a gas. • Evaporation can occur at the surface of a liquid that is below its boiling point. • Boilingis the change of a liquid to a gas throughout the liquid. • The temperature at which a liquid boils is its boiling point.

32. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2

33. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Evaporation: Liquid to Gas, continued • Effects of Pressure on Boiling Point • The boiling point of a liquid decreases as atmospheric pressure decreases. • Atmospheric pressure is caused by the weight of the gases in the atmosphere. • Atmospheric pressure is lower at higher elevations. So, the boiling point is lower on top of mountains than it is at sea level.

34. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Condensation: Gas to Liquid • Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid. • The condensation point of a substance is the temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid. • Energy must be removed for condensation to occur. Removing energy slows the movement of gas particles which allows them to clump together.

35. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Vaporization and Condensation Click below to watch the Visual Concept. You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key. Visual Concept

36. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Sublimation: Solid to Gas • Sublimation is the change of state in which a solid changes directly into a gas. • For sublimation to occur, the attractions between the particles must be completely overcome. • So, the substance must gain energy during sublimation.

37. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2 Change of Temperature Vs. Change of State • When most substances lose or gain energy, one of two things happens to the substance: • 1. its temperature changes • 2. its state changes. • But the temperature does not change until a change of state is complete. • The graph on the next slide shows how temperature changes as energy is added to ice.

38. Section3 Changes of State Chapter K2

39. States of Matter Chapter K2 Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

40. States of Matter Chapter K2

41. States of Matter Chapter K2

42. End of Chapter K2 Show

43. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

44. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 Passage 1Did you know that lightning can turn sand into glass? If lightning strikes sand, the sand can reach temperatures of up to 33,000°C. That temperature is as hot as the surface of the sun! This intense heat melts the sand into a liquid. The liquid quickly cools and hardens into glass. This glass is a rare and beautiful type of natural glass called fulgurite. Continued on the next slide

45. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 Passage 1, continuedThe same basic process is used to make light bulbs, windows, and bottles. But instead of lightning, glassmakers use hot ovens to melt solid silica (the main ingredient of sand) and other ingredients into liquid glass. Then, before the glass cools and solidifies, the glassmaker forms the glass into the desired shape.

46. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 1. In the glassmaking process, what happens after the glassmaker forms the material into the desired shape? ASolid silica melts in a hot oven. BSolid silica is struck by lightning. CThe glass melts and becomes a liquid. DThe glass cools and solidifies.

47. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 1. In the glassmaking process, what happens after the glassmaker forms the material into the desired shape? ASolid silica melts in a hot oven. BSolid silica is struck by lightning. CThe glass melts and becomes a liquid. DThe glass cools and solidifies.

48. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 2. Which statement is an opinion from the passage? FLightning can form fulgurites. GFulgurites are beautiful. HLightning heats the sand to 33,000°C. IGlassmakers use very hot ovens.

49. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 2. Which statement is an opinion from the passage? FLightning can form fulgurites. GFulgurites are beautiful. HLightning heats the sand to 33,000°C. IGlassmakers use very hot ovens.

50. Standardized Test Preparation Chapter K2 3. In the passage, what does intense mean? Aa small amount Bgaseous Ca great amount Dcausing something to melt