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Honor or Harm The impact of using American Indian mascots Stephanie A. Fryberg, Ph.D. University of Arizona Au

Stereotype Threat Contends that?.. Stereotypes exist in the world, not simply inside individual mindsStereotypes are reflected and inscribed in the practices, policies, and institutions that comprise societyStereotypes are enacted in everyday, interpersonal behaviorStereotypes are powerful and in

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Honor or Harm The impact of using American Indian mascots Stephanie A. Fryberg, Ph.D. University of Arizona Au

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    1. The inspiration for this title came from this cartoon. The question I want to address is whether these types of representations honor American Indians or whether they constrain and limit what it means to be American Indian? Given that we all live within a network of other people’s views of us and that we are all constrained and afforded by these views. I contend that people who are identified with ethnic or minority groups are MORE constrained by these views than those in the mainstream because there are fewer representations of these groups that are salient in mainstream contexts. Specifically, I will argue that the impact on one’s identity is directly related to how one’s group is publicly represented. The inspiration for this title came from this cartoon. The question I want to address is whether these types of representations honor American Indians or whether they constrain and limit what it means to be American Indian? Given that we all live within a network of other people’s views of us and that we are all constrained and afforded by these views. I contend that people who are identified with ethnic or minority groups are MORE constrained by these views than those in the mainstream because there are fewer representations of these groups that are salient in mainstream contexts. Specifically, I will argue that the impact on one’s identity is directly related to how one’s group is publicly represented.

    2. Stereotype Threat Contends that…. According to Moscovici, social representations refer to the ideas and meanings that are essential for societal functioning; they are taken for granted understandings of the world that are widely shared and that play an enormously important role in our approach to the world and in our behavior. (SHOW SOCIAL REPRESENTATION SLIDE) Social representations are a system of values, ideas, and practices with a twofold function: they allow people to orient themselves in the world, and then they allow people to communicate with each other. According to Moscovici, social representations refer to the ideas and meanings that are essential for societal functioning; they are taken for granted understandings of the world that are widely shared and that play an enormously important role in our approach to the world and in our behavior. (SHOW SOCIAL REPRESENTATION SLIDE) Social representations are a system of values, ideas, and practices with a twofold function: they allow people to orient themselves in the world, and then they allow people to communicate with each other.

    3. Social Representations According to Moscovici, social representations refer to the ideas and meanings that are essential for societal functioning; they are taken for granted understandings of the world that are widely shared and that play an enormously important role in our approach to the world and in our behavior. (SHOW SOCIAL REPRESENTATION SLIDE) Social representations are a system of values, ideas, and practices with a twofold function: they allow people to orient themselves in the world, and then they allow people to communicate with each other. According to Moscovici, social representations refer to the ideas and meanings that are essential for societal functioning; they are taken for granted understandings of the world that are widely shared and that play an enormously important role in our approach to the world and in our behavior. (SHOW SOCIAL REPRESENTATION SLIDE) Social representations are a system of values, ideas, and practices with a twofold function: they allow people to orient themselves in the world, and then they allow people to communicate with each other.

    4. SHOW SLIDE So, when mascots, like the University of Illinois’s mascot, Chief Illiniwek, dance around the field or auditorium imitating Hollywood’s version of American Indian dance, the mascot is believed to be honoring American Indians. As you may know, there is considerable debate in this country about this particular mascot, and others like it. Many who support the use of Indians as sports team mascots commonly say, “this isn’t hurtful to Indians, this is honoring them”. They are portrayed as the victor, or as Trimble says, “the noble proud warrior”. From the perspective of those who support the use of Indians as mascots, the mascot elicits positive feelings and associations for them, thus making it difficult to see why it would elicit a different, perhaps even negative reaction for those individuals who are the targets of these representations. The goal of this research is to address whether these types of social representations honor or indeed constrain what it means to be American Indian. The first two studies look specifically at the impact of AI social representations on the self-esteem and collective efficacy of American Indians. SHOW SLIDE So, when mascots, like the University of Illinois’s mascot, Chief Illiniwek, dance around the field or auditorium imitating Hollywood’s version of American Indian dance, the mascot is believed to be honoring American Indians. As you may know, there is considerable debate in this country about this particular mascot, and others like it. Many who support the use of Indians as sports team mascots commonly say, “this isn’t hurtful to Indians, this is honoring them”. They are portrayed as the victor, or as Trimble says, “the noble proud warrior”. From the perspective of those who support the use of Indians as mascots, the mascot elicits positive feelings and associations for them, thus making it difficult to see why it would elicit a different, perhaps even negative reaction for those individuals who are the targets of these representations. The goal of this research is to address whether these types of social representations honor or indeed constrain what it means to be American Indian. The first two studies look specifically at the impact of AI social representations on the self-esteem and collective efficacy of American Indians.

    6. Need examples of questionsNeed examples of questions

    10. The patterns here suggest that the social representations have distinctly different consequences for those who are the targets and those who are NOT. Moveover, the results of Study 4 …The patterns here suggest that the social representations have distinctly different consequences for those who are the targets and those who are NOT. Moveover, the results of Study 4 …

    11. Conclusion In particular, using American Indians as mascots has negative consequences for American Indians. As a field, we have not given enough thought to the patterning of ideas or images that shape our environments. These ideas or images provide a message about who counts and who does not count; and who is valued, and who is NOT valued. Past research has looked inside individual heads to understand the impact of social representations, but this research suggest that we need to look more broadly at the material aspects or products that make up our social worlds.In particular, using American Indians as mascots has negative consequences for American Indians. As a field, we have not given enough thought to the patterning of ideas or images that shape our environments. These ideas or images provide a message about who counts and who does not count; and who is valued, and who is NOT valued. Past research has looked inside individual heads to understand the impact of social representations, but this research suggest that we need to look more broadly at the material aspects or products that make up our social worlds.

    14. Social Representations and Achievement- Related Possible Selves

    15. What are Possible Selves?

    16. Mascot Conditions

    17. Mascot Conditions

    18. Social Representations and European American Self-Esteem

    19. Social Representations and Self-esteem

    20. Moreover, the results of Study 4 suggest that some groups may feel particularly motivated to keep the mascot. The debate surrounding Chief Illiniwek at the University of Illinois has been particularly heated as of late. Chancellor Cantor, citing 50 years of research on stereotyping and prejudice, recently became the highest ranking administrator at the U of I to come out AGAINST the chief. In reaction some notable fans of Chief Illiniwek paid tens of thousands of dollars to put up billboards that in U of I colors stated, “Restore the Chief” and in U of M colors, where Cantor hailed from declared, “Return Cantor.” Moreover, the results of Study 4 suggest that some groups may feel particularly motivated to keep the mascot. The debate surrounding Chief Illiniwek at the University of Illinois has been particularly heated as of late. Chancellor Cantor, citing 50 years of research on stereotyping and prejudice, recently became the highest ranking administrator at the U of I to come out AGAINST the chief. In reaction some notable fans of Chief Illiniwek paid tens of thousands of dollars to put up billboards that in U of I colors stated, “Restore the Chief” and in U of M colors, where Cantor hailed from declared, “Return Cantor.”

    21. This young woman has just identified herself as American Indian but after considering his repertoire of social representations of American Indians and proclaims… This cartoon shows the power of social representations to impact identity. If these social representations constitute the ONLY representations people have of your group, then you can resist or contest these representations BUT you can’t live outside of them. This young woman has just identified herself as American Indian but after considering his repertoire of social representations of American Indians and proclaims… This cartoon shows the power of social representations to impact identity. If these social representations constitute the ONLY representations people have of your group, then you can resist or contest these representations BUT you can’t live outside of them.

    22. Directions

    23. Priming Conditions

    24. Priming Conditions

    26. Need examples of questionsNeed examples of questions

    27. Attitude About Indian Mascots?

    28. Study 3

    30. Positive Condition

    31. Study 4

    32. Directions: Media Study

    33. Priming Conditions

    34. Priming Conditions

    36. The patterns here suggest that the social representations have distinctly different consequences for those who are the targets and those who are NOT. Moveover, the results of Study 4 …The patterns here suggest that the social representations have distinctly different consequences for those who are the targets and those who are NOT. Moveover, the results of Study 4 …

    37. Positive Condition

    38. Research Goals Chart the prevalent social representations of American Indians Examine the role of social representations of American Indians in American Indian identity Examine the role of social representations of American Indians in European American identity

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