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Lungs

Lungs. By Amy Wen and Abby Nash. Background. In the respiratory system Located above the diaphragm in the middle of the chest Each lung is between 10 and 14 inches long Two lungs in each body Long and boat-shaped. Parts of Lung. Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Membranes Parietal Pleural

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Lungs

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  1. Lungs By Amy Wen and Abby Nash

  2. Background • In the respiratory system • Located above the diaphragm in the middle of the chest • Each lung is between 10 and 14 inches long • Two lungs in each body • Long and boat-shaped

  3. Parts of Lung • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli • Membranes • Parietal Pleural • Visceral Pleural

  4. Function • Transportation of oxygen from the air to the bloodstream • Transportation of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the air

  5. Why is breathing necessary? • Cellular respiration • Requires oxygen • Produces carbon dioxide • Effect of exercise • Increases rate of respiration

  6. Travel of Air to Lungs • Breathing controlled in brain stem and cerebral cortex • medulla oblongata • Chemoreceptors • Impulses

  7. Travel of Air to Lungs Cont. • Impulses: rest vs. exercise • external intercostals • Diaphragm shape • parachute • Role of pressure • Alveoli impulses

  8. Gas Exchange • Pathway of air • Nasal/oral cavities -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli • Exchange occurs between alveoli and surrounding capillaries

  9. Gas Exchange Cont. • Diffusion • Requires concentration gradient • Efficient because • Surface area • Distance

  10. Carbon Dioxide in the Blood • Bicarbonate ions • CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3-+ H+ • Helps with diffusion (partial pressure) • Affect on pH of blood • Chemoreceptors

  11. Lung Illnesses • Acute Mountain Sickness • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Emphysema • Pneumonia • Sleep Apnea

  12. Acute Mountain Sickness • Symptoms • Caused by lower air pressure at high altitudes • Hard to diagnose if mild • Acclimatization is best treatment • Deadly

  13. COPD & Emphysema • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease includes emphysema • Progressive decrease in air flow and gas exchange • Overexposure to irritants • Destruction of alveoli walls

  14. COPD & Emphysema Cont. • Spirometry test, chest x-ray, arterial blood gas test • No cure • Lifestyle changes can slow progress • Surgery, medication

  15. Pneumonia • Inflammation, thick fluid in alveoli and bronchioles • Bacteria, viruses, or fungi • Fever, fatigue, coughing • Chest x-rays, blood tests • Treatment varies

  16. Asthma • Bronchi and bronchioles sensitive to irritants • Smooth muscle around bronchioles contract and spasm • Wheezing, coughing, worse at night • Physical exam, spirometry test • Medication, avoid triggers

  17. Sleep Apnea • Multiple pauses in breathing during sleep over 10 sec long • Obstructive and central type • Deep to light sleep • Hard to diagnose • Surgery, breathing devices

  18. Interesting Details • Surfactant is essential • Surface tension of water • Alveoli would collapse without it • Lungs structured to trap and dispose of debris and microbes • Mucus and cilia

  19. Thanks for listening!

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