GIS Lecture 7 Geocoding

1. Input Address Matches? yes no Parse Address Score Matches no Generate Soundex for Address Name Best Score >= 90? Output Rejects yes List Candidates: No. Range,Zone Correct Addresses or Map Output Address GIS Lecture 7 Geocoding

2. Outline • Geocoding • Linear Address Matching • Problems and Solutions • Street Map • Polygon Address Matching • Improving the Process • Geomasking • WEB Sites

3. Geocoding

4. Geocoding Address Geocoding • Process of creating geometric representations for locations (such as point features) from descriptions of locations (such as addresses) Displays tabular data containing addresses as points on a map Finds locations on a map easily

5. Geocoding Examples • Local Technology Council maps technology businesses by streets to see technology rich areas in a city • Emergency dispatch operators geocode an address to determine who should respond to an emergency call • County health director maps personal care and nursing homes and compares them to elderly population by neighborhood • Business maps store locations and compares to competitor locations • Others?

6. What do you geocode? • Tabular data with zip codes, addresses or latitude and longitude… • Text • Databases

7. What do you geocode? • …to Geographic maps • TIGER Streets • ZIP Codes

8. Address Matching

9. Address Matching • Address matching is a process that compares two addresses to determine whether or not they are the same. • Looks for certain standards and makes a decision about whether addresses match. • Incorrect, incomplete, or ambiguous address information will reduce the matching confidence.

10. TIGER Files • Geographic elements used to address match • Lines • streets, railroads, rivers • Areas • zip codes, census blocks, tracts, MCD/CCDs, places, counties, etc. • Points • landmarks such as churchs, schools, and other cultural features represented in TIGER as points

11. TIGER Street Example

12. Linear (Street) Address Matching

13. 0105 0107 Linear Address Matching (Streets) • Urban street maps • four street address numbers ranging from low to high for each side of a street segment. • Left_from Left_to Right_from Right_to Street_name Type • 101 199 100 198 OAK ST Oak St. 198 100 199 101 (80.731, 40.025) (80.729, 40.025)

14. StoreID Address Class Address Matching Major Steps Store.dbf 1437 123 Oak St A 402 333 Pine Av A 855 18 Bay Dr B

15. Store.dbf StoreID Address Class 1437 123 Oak St A 402 333 Pine Av A 855 18 Bay Dr B Address Matching Major Steps Attributes of Streets Parity Street_ Side From Street Type To 5950 R E 2 98 Oak St 5950 L O 1 99 Oak St R E 100 198 Oak St 6011 L O 101 199 Oak St 6011

16. Store.dbf StoreID Address Class 1437 123 Oak St A 402 333 Pine Av A 855 18 Bay Dr B Address Matching Major Steps Oak St 198 100 5950 6011 101 199 123 Pine Av Attributes of Streets Parity Street_ Side From Street Type To 5950 R E 2 98 Oak St 5950 L O 1 99 Oak St R E 100 198 Oak St 6011 L O 101 199 Oak St 6011

17. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

18. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

19. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 OakST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Type 123 OakSTW, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

20. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Type 123 OakSTW, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, suffix 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

21. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Type 123 OakSTW, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, suffix 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, prefix 123 W Oak ST, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

22. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Type 123 OakSTW, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, suffix 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, prefix 123 W Oak ST, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Unit Number 123 Oak ST W,Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

23. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Type 123 OakSTW, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, suffix 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, prefix 123 W Oak ST, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Unit Number 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Zone, city 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Zone, zip code 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213

24. Address Components • Number123Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Name 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Street Type 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, suffix 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Direction, prefix 123 W Oak ST, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Unit Number 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Zone, city 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Zone, zip code 123 Oak ST W, Apt. 2, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 • Items for Single Number Street Address: • Address Unit City Zip Code • 123 Oak ST W Apt. 2 Pittsburgh 15213

25. Street Address Matching Problems and Solutions

26. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51

27. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51 • Data Entry Errors • Fidth Avenue • Sawmill Run

28. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51 • Data Entry Errors • Fidth Avenue • Sawmill Run Place Names • CMU, PNC Park, Station Square

29. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51 • Data Entry Errors • Fidth Avenue • Sawmill Run • Place Names • CMU, PNC Park, Station Square • Intersections • 5th AV and Craig ST

30. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51 • Data Entry Errors • Fidth Avenue • Sawmill Run • Place Names • CMU, PNC Park, Station Square • Intersections • 5th AV and Craig ST Zones • 100 Main ST 15101, 100 Main ST 16202

31. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51 • Data Entry Errors • Fidth Avenue • Sawmill Run • Place Names • CMU, PNC Park, Station Square • Intersections • 5th AV and Craig ST Zones • 100 Main ST 15101, 100 Main ST 16202 Post Office Boxes • P.O. Box 125

32. Possible Problems: • Variations in Street Names • Fifth Avenue, Fifth Ave., 5th AV • Saw Mill Run, Route 51 • Data Entry Errors • Fidth Avenue • Sawmill Run • Place Names • CMU, PNC Park, Station Square • Intersections • 5th AV and Craig ST Zones • 100 Main ST 15101, 100 Main ST 16202 Post Office Boxes • P.O. Box 125 • Missing Street (TIGER) information

33. Solution: Correct Intersections • Format: Forbes AV & Craig ST Grant ST & 5th AV Default Delimiters ArcView: & ARC/INFO: /

34. E E EA E EAS E EAST E EX EX EXT EX EXTENDED EX EXTENSION EX N N NO N NORTE N NORTH N NE NE NORTHEAST NE NW NW NORTHWEST NW S S SO S SOUTH S SE SE SOUTHEAST SE SW SW SOUTHWEST SW W W WE W WEST W Solution: Use Standard Directions

35. CR CR Crescent CR CRSG CRSG CSWY CSWY DR DR Drive DR DRV DR EXP EXWY Expressway EXWY EXPWY EXWY Freeway FRWY FRWY FRWY FWY FRWY Highway HWY HWY HWY HY HWY LA LA Lane LA LN LA Loop Loop Motorway MTWY MTWY MTWY Parkway PKWY PKWY PKWY etc. Solution: Use Standard Street Type Abbreviations

36. Improving Address Matching • Integrate User Data Entry and Address Matching • Purchase or Build High Quality Maps (Field Verification) • Correct and Maintain Maps (Lab) • Assign House Numbers in Rural Areas

37. Solution:Alias Table • DBF Table (Name of Your Choice): • Alias Address • CMU 5000 Forbes Av • Carnegie Mellon 5000 Forbes AV • Carnegie Mellon Univ 5000 Forbes AV • Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes AV • Etc.

38. StreetMap USA

44. Polygon Address Matching

45. TIGER Files: Polygon Topology • Zip Code • American Indian Reservation • Alaska Nature Village Statistical Area • Tribal Designated Statistical Area • Tribal Jurisdiction Statistical Area • Alaska Nature Regional Corp. • FIPS State Code • FIPS County Code • MCD • Place • Census Tract/Block Numbering Area • Tabulation Block

46. TIGER:Polygons - Zipcodes/Parcels • Polygon features can be identified by their parcel numbers, postal zip, or zip+4 codes • Parcel_Number(1046) • ZIP(15218) • ZIP + 4(15218-1234)

47. Polygon Address Matching (Zip Codes)

48. Spatially Join to Make Choropleth Map

49. Address Matching in ArcView

50. Address Matching in ArcMap Create a new Address Locator in ArcCatalog