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Mexico

Mexico. Impact of the Past . Olmec Mayas Aztecs (Mexica) Northern Mexico pushed into valley Eagle and snake in the beak 1376 1 st King crowned King had absolute power Subordinate people did not like Aztecs. Impact of the Past. New Spain Ferdinand and Isabella Columbus’s voyage

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Mexico

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  1. Mexico

  2. Impact of the Past • Olmec • Mayas • Aztecs (Mexica) • Northern Mexico pushed into valley • Eagle and snake in the beak • 1376 1st King crowned • King had absolute power • Subordinate people did not like Aztecs

  3. Impact of the Past • New Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella • Columbus’s voyage • Native called Indians • “gold, GOD, and Glory” • Conquistadors • Believe lives of Natives were NOTHING • vs. Aztecs • Natives • 20 million to 1 million by 1600 • Death by disease swords, and guns • Never seen anything like it before • Betrayed own people (connection…like authoritarian gov’t surveillance and terror)

  4. Impact of the Past: Spain • Spanish • Based in Cuba and explored Mexican coastline • Great wealth • Cortes • With 500 Spaniards and thousands of Indians • Moctezuma (Montezuma) • Welcomed Spaniards to Tenochtitlan • Arrested • Returns in 1521 captured and killed last emperor, Cuauhtemoc (connection….name that appears in politics today) • Celebrate Aztec heroes today • Pre-Columbian traditions remain

  5. Impact of the Past: Spain • Spain takes over Southern Mexico • Mexico was built upon the remains of Tenochtitlan • Sliver Mines • Began movement to central Mexico (1600) • Expanded past the present Boarder • Led to war later with United States

  6. Impact of the Past: Spain • Encomiendas • Spanish Soldiers/Settles • Land grants • People who worked on it • Feudal Manner • Lord and master: work for him in return received protection • Christianized the people • Created social stratification • Peninsulares, crillos, mestizos • Indians worked land/stayed in mountains

  7. Impact of the Past: Spain/French • 1707 French Bourbon becomes king in Spain • Spanish Bourbons • Improved administration • Divided “New Spain” into intendencias supervised by an intendente • Economic liberalization boosted Mexico’s Economy • Helped wake up Mexico

  8. Impact of the Past: Mexican Independence • Affects of Enlightenment and US and French Revolutions • Napoleon’s occupation • 1812 Constitution • Spread French Liberalism and atheism? • Mexico’s direction was conservative not liberal • Impulse of revolution

  9. Impact of the Past:Mexican Independence • Miguel Hidalgo • Parish priest • September 16, 1810: Declared Mexican Independence • Led to nothing…. • Demanded equality for All Mexicans • Redistribution of land • Fought against for French Liberalism and atheism

  10. Impact of pastMexican Independence • Hidalgo • Out of Control • Massacred Spaniards and Creoles • Captured and executed • Jose Maria Morelos • 1814-1815 led a uprising in Southern Mexico • Captured and shot • Both were considered revolutionary heroes • Founded nationalism • Mexico’s states named after them

  11. Impact of the Past:Monarchy and Republic • 18th century: Conservative Monarchy • Mexican Elite/Politics • Conservative Centralizers and Liberal federalists • Split never healed • 19th century: Rule by Caudillos • Republic • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna • On off president/general/dictator • Played both sides • Biggest problem: Texas • 1821: gave American Settlers land in Mexico (backfired) • Mexico outlawed slavery in 1828

  12. Impact of the pastMonarchy and Republic • 1833: • Americans in Texas demand state rights • Santa Anna rejects the idea • Texas declares Independence in 1836 (Republic of Texas) • Alamo • Santa Anna captured by Texans • Texas is annexed by United States in 1845 • War with Mexico 1846-1848 • US occupies Mexico City • US pays Mexico $15million dollars • US takes over the southwest • Mexico was humiliated

  13. Impact of the Past:Monarchy and Republic • Occupation by France • 1861-1867 • Napoleon III • Mexico would be the base for French led-”Latin American” • Mexico’s debt = French installation of Austrian Habsburg Maximilian (new puppet emperor) • Collapsed b/c it cost to much • French leave and Maximilian was shot • Failure b/c tried to make it Europe • Latin American: • chaotic and rebellious • Few obey and plans seldom worked • Only thing left from French: mariachi (hiring a musicians for a mariage)

  14. Impact of the Past:Monarchy and Republic • Benito Juarez (1806-1872) • Background: • Born to Indian parents who died • Educated in Law • Experience in State and National Politics • Political Platform (President in 1858) • Redistribution of the land • Institute a market economy • Federalism • Separation of church and state • Was not in power long he set new standards of modesty and honesty

  15. Impact of the Past;Monarchy and Republic • Porfirio Diaz: • Background • Born in Oaxaca (who-haw-ka) • Studied law, fought the French • Political Platform (followed Juarez as president) • Military dictator • Turned on Juarez platform • “elected” 17 times (1877-1910) • Centralized control over all branches of government • Los cientificos pushed economic growth/debt • 1910: 95% of rural Mexican families were landless and looking to a new leader: Zapata • Pan y Palo (bread and bludgeon) • Prominent in Mexico’s government philosophy ever since

  16. Impact of the Past:The Mexican Revolution • Mexico is few genuine revolutions in Latin America • Had more than one side • Russia and Chinese Revolution (two groups) • Revolution of 1910 • Build up of problems

  17. Impact of the Past:The Mexican Revolution • Erupted over discontent: unfairness and cruelty of the Diaz regime • Anarchist and socialist ideas • Many Fled to the United States • Labor unrest crushed by military • Mexican group Regeneration called for • One term president • Civil rights • Public education • Land reform • Improved pay • Better working conditions • Ending Power of the Catholic Church

  18. Impact of the Past;The Mexican Revolution • November 20, 1910 start of the revolution • Francisco Madero • Presidential candidate • Urged Mexicans to revolt over reelection of Diaz • Supported revolution with own money • Diaz resigned and fled to Paris • Madero was proclaimed as New President

  19. Impact of the PastThe Mexican Revolution • General Victoriano Huerta • Arrest Madero and had him shot • Assumed the presidency • Led to full fledged revolution • President Wilson • Sends Navy to Veracruz in 1914 • General Pershing and Pancho Villa 1916 • “went down to Mexico to serve Mankind” • These actions solidifies Mexican opposition to US intervention • Huerta falls in 1914 = 4 armies fight for control of Mexico

  20. Impact of the Past The Mexican Revolution • Zapata (south) Villa (north) • Carranza and Obregon fight to est. order • four collaborated/fought with each other • 1919: Zapata is assassinated • 1920: Carranza is assassinated • 1923: Villa is assassinated • 1928: Obregon is assassinated

  21. Impact of the PastRevolution Institutionalized • 1917 constitution • “the Perfect Dictatorship” • Obregon president 1920 • Implements rural education • Land reform • Grants of ejidos to poor villagers • 1924 arranged election of Plutarco Elias Calles • Cristero Rebellion(1927-1929) • Assassinated Obregon • Calles implemented anticlericalism • Banned foreign priests and clerical garb • “¡Viva Cristo Rey!” (long love Christ the King) • Catholics rebelled/government troops crushed them • Will not be healed till 2000

  22. Impact of the Past The Revolution Institutionalized • Calles • Helps est. 6 year presidential term (nonrenewable) • Organizes the Revolutionary Party (PRN) • Coalition of state bosses, generals, union chiefs, and peasant leaders • 1946-renamed Institutional Revolutionary party • Brought stability • Led Mexican Politics through the 20th century • “Soft-Authoritarianism” was not bad

  23. Impact of the Past The Revolution Institutionalized • Lazaro Cardenas • Implemented 1917 promises • Had Calles exiled to California • Background • Mestizo decent • Little formal education • General became a general • One of founders of PRN and 1st president

  24. Impact of the Past The Revolution Institutionalized • Cardenas • Nationalized US owned Oil Companies • Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex) • Land redistribution • National Revolutionary Party • Organize peasants and workers • Left office in 1940 • Keep a very watchful eye on the government • Remains a legend (son Cuauhtemoc Cardenas now head of the leftist Party of Democratic Revolution)

  25. Impact of the Past The Revolution Institutionalized • Cardenas • Corporatism was riding high • Organized the PMR • Peasant, labor, military, and “popular” sector • Small/Big businesses • Clientelism • Seemed to solve the problems • Overtime became rigid and unstable

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