Ideological Conflict and National Unification, 1815-1871

1. Ideological Conflict and National Unification, 1815-1871 The West CHAPTER 21

2. Liberalism • Promoted the foundation and protection of individual rights, the extension of voting rights to all male property owners, and free trade • Favored constitutional monarchy as the ideal government • Located its greatest support in the urban middle class

3. Conservatism • Sought to preserve monarchy and aristocracy against liberal and national ideas • Defended the established order, as the product of gradual change • Considered rights to be hereditary privileges and Christianity to be the basis of society • Concert of Europe - a conservative alliance against liberal and revolutionary movements

4. Socialism • Developed in reaction to industrial capitalism • Promoted communal ownership of means of production, social and economic equality, and universal male suffrage • Marx and Engels developed communism as a revolutionary, socialist ideology, based upon a material philosophy of history

5. Nationalism • Promoted the idea that national and state borders should correspond - that every nation should have its own state • The nation was a myth, and the idea of the nation-state was virtually unrealizable • Nationalist ideas could work in conjunction with both liberalism and conservatism

6. Culture and Ideology • Scientific rationalism proposed that society could be improved by science and reason • The values of science and progress appealed to liberals and to Marxist communism • Romanticism recognized the limits of human reason and emphasized the emotional and spiritual aspects of reality • Romantic ideas appealed especially to nationalist movements

7. Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1820-1825 • Liberal revolts in Spain, Portugal and Russia failed in the face of domestic and international conservative opposition • Nationalist revolt in Greece, against Ottoman rule, succeeded with European support • The Concert of Europe opposed Spanish liberalism, but supported Greek nationalism

8. Liberal and Nationalist Revolts, 1830 • Liberal revolution, in France, instituted a constitutional monarchy • With international support, Belgium achieved independence from the Netherlands • Polish nationalist rebellion ended in failure and the abolition of Poland’s autonomy from Russia

9. Liberal Reforms in Britain, 1815-1848 • Liberals in Britain achieved great success, without revolutionary action • Parliament was reformed and the franchise extended to all male property owners, 1832 • Legal discrimination against Catholics and Protestant non-conformists was ended, 1829-1830 • Protectionist corn laws were repealed, 1845 • Socialists and radicals achieved comparatively little success in Britain

10. The Revolutions of 1848 • Liberal and nationalist revolutions, in France, Germany, the Habsburg Empire, and Italy, all failed • Conservative forces soon repealed the initial liberal successes • Divisions between liberal and popular visions of reform, and between liberal and nationalist goals, undermined all the revolutionary movements

11. Italian Unification: Building a Fragile Nation-State • The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia provided effective leadership for unification • Achieved political unification through military and diplomatic efforts - Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi • Failed to create a strong, centralized, and culturally uniform state • Local loyalties, banditry and Mafia power undermined the new state

12. German Unification • Kingdom of Prussia provided leadership for unification - Otto von Bismarck • Achieved unification through military and political power • German unification was achieved through Prussian supremacy over other states • Created a highly centralized, autocratic empire

13. Unification in the United States • In the early nineteenth century, the US became more culturally diverse, inhibiting the growth of nationalist sentiment • Northern victory in the civil war preserved and strengthened the union • Growth of railroads fueled social and economic unification • Emergence of the concept that the US was a “nation of nations”

14. Nationalism in Eastern Europe • Nation-states did not emerge in Eastern Europe • The large, multinational Habsburg and Russian empires endured, by repressing nationalist sentiments • Establishment of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, 1867, gave concessions only to Magyar and German national identities

15. Ideology, Empire and the Balance of Power • Monroe Doctrine, 1823, created the concept of two separate and independent spheres - Europe and America - and supported liberal and nationalist ideologies • Crimean War (1853-1856) (1870-1871) preserved the balance of power in Europe and prompted liberal reforms in Russia • Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) led to the establishment of the conservative Third French Republic

16. The Ideological Transformation of the West • Ideological competition fueled significant changes in political culture, as ideologies were adjusted and redefined to meet political realities • These nineteenth century Western ideologies endured into the twentieth century, and demonstrated an ability to shape and adapt to diverse non-Western circumstances