Conserving Land and Soil Identifying Main Ideas As you read the section “Types of Land Use,” write the main idea in a graphic organizer like the one below. Then write three supporting details that give examples of the main idea. Main Idea Three uses that change the land are… Detail Detail Detail Agriculture Mining Development

Conserving Land and Soil Types of Land Use Pg. 633 1. Concept Map: • Agriculture • Mining • Development 2. Why can less than a third of Earth’s land be farmed? The rest is too dry, wet, salty, or mountainous 3. List three ways that new farmland can be created. • Clearing forests • Draining wetlands • Irrigating deserts 4. The construction of buildings, roads, bridges, dams, and other structures is called _____. development

Conserving Land and Soil 5. Choices that is are a result of development. • Decrease in farmland • Decrease in wildlife habitats 6. the removal of nonrenewable resources from the land is called ____. mining 7. Venn Diagram: • Strip Mining • Underground Mining 8. Strip mining involves carrying minerals up through shafts dug in the ground. False

Conserving Land and Soil The Structure of Soil Pg. 634 9. The way people depend on soil. • To provide plants with nutrients • To store and filter water • to break down wastes • to recycle chemical substances needed for life 10. Part of the structure of fertile soil. • Litter • Topsoil • Subsoil • Bedrock

Conserving Land and Soil 11. Litter B- Dead leaves and grass. 12. Topsoil C- Rock fragments, nutrients, water, air, and decaying animal and plant matter. 13. Subsoil A- Rock fragments, water, and air 14. The rock that makes up Earth’s crust is called ____. bedrock

Conserving Land and Soil 15. It takes about ten years to form a few centimeters of new soil. False 16. How is bedrock broken down to form soil? Freezing and thawing break apart the bedrock. Both plant roots wedged between rocks and chemicals released by lichens break the rocks into smaller pieces. Animals such as earthworms and moles help grind the rock into even smaller particles.

Conserving Land and Soil Soil Management Poor soil management can result in erosion, nutrient depletion, and desertification. The advance of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile is called desertification.

Conserving Land and Soil Soil Management Pg. 635-637 17. List three problems that can result from poor soil management. • Erosion • Nutrient depletion • Desertification 18. The process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles of rocks or soil is ____. erosion 19. List the soil conservation practice that is shown in the drawing. Terracing

Conserving Land and Soil 20. The process of soil becoming less fertile is called ____. nutrient depletion 21. Leaving fields fallow C- Leaving fields unplanted 22. Applying fertilizer A- Adding nutrients that help crops grow better 23. Crop rotation B- Planting different crops in a field each year

Conserving Land and Soil 24. What is desertification? It is the advanced of desert-like conditions into areas that previously were fertile. 25. In the past 50 years, a large amount of land is undergone desertification. true 26. Flowchart: Drought occurs Crops fail Soil blows away

Conserving Land and Soil 27. The process of restoring land to a more natural, productive state is called _____. land reclamation 28. Land reclamation is currently underway all over the world. True 29. It is easier to restore damaged land and soil than it is to protect them. False

Conserving Land and Soil 30. How can an open mine be restored to agricultural land? The mining cuts are smoothed out, then the subsoil and topsoil that had been removed before mining are replaced. Finally, grass and trees are planted.

Conserving Land and Soil Soil Click the Video button to watch a movie about soil.

Conserving Land and Soil Links on Erosion Click the SciLinks button for links on erosion.

End of Section:Conserving Land and Soil

Waste Disposal and Recycling Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a why, what, or how question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions. Question Answer What is the problem with waste disposal? Each disposal method has advantages and disadvantages. Reclaiming raw materials and reusing them to create new products What is recycling? How can people help control the solid waste problem? Reduce, reuse, and recycle. Some are explosive, flammable, corrosive, or radioactive. Why are some wastes hazardous?

Waste Disposal and Recycling The Problem of Waste Disposal Billions of tons of municipal solid waste are created in the United States each year. More than one third of that waste is paper.

Waste Disposal and Recycling The Problem of Waste Disposal A sanitary landfill holds municipal solid waste, construction debris, and some types of agricultural and industrial waste.

Waste Disposal and Recycling The Problem of Waste Disposal Pg. 639-640 • What is municipal solid waste? It is the waste produced in homes, businesses, schools, and other places in a community. 2. What are other sources of solid waste? Other sources include construction debris and certain agricultural and industrial wastes. 3. List three methods of handling solid waste. • Burning • Burying • Recycling

Waste Disposal and Recycling 4. Sentences that are true about incineration. • It refers to the burning of solid waste. • It can be used to generate electricity. 5. A place where solid waste is buried is called a(n) ____. landfill 6. A polluted liquid that forms when rain water dissolves chemicals in landfill waste is referred to as _____. leachate

Waste Disposal and Recycling 7. How does a sanitary landfill differ from an open dump? Unlike an open dump, a sanitary landfill is constructed to safely hold solid waste. 8. Venn Diagram: • Landfills • Incinerators Recycling Pg. 641-642 9. What is recycling? It is the process of reclaiming raw materials and reusing them. 10. Recycling reduces the volume of solid waste. True

Waste Disposal and Recycling 11. A substance that can be broken down and recycled by bacteria and other decomposers is said to be ____. biodegradable 12. List the four major categories of products that are recycled. • Metal • Plastic • Glass • Paper 13. What are some common metal objects that can be recycled? Objects include metal desks, scissors, staples, paper clips, soda cans, house siding, and window screens.

Waste Disposal and Recycling 14. What products can be made from recycled plastic milk jugs and soda bottles? Products include fiber filling for sleeping bags, fleece jackets, carpeting, park benches, shower stalls, floor tiles, trash cans, and dock pilings. 15. Glass is one of the most difficult products to recycle. False 16. Why can paper be recycled only a few times? Each time paper is recycled, the new paper is rough. 17. Sentences that are true about recycling. • It conserves resources. • It saves energy.

Waste Disposal and Recycling 18. Concept Map: • Reduce • Reuse • Recycle 19. Helping natural decomposition processes break down waste is called ____. composting 20. How can compost be used? It can be used as a natural fertilizer for plants.

Waste Disposal and Recycling Hazardous Wastes Pg. 644-645 21. Hazardous waste is any material that can harm human health or the environment. True 22. Toxic C- waste that poisonous 23. Explosive A- waste that reacts very quickly 24. Flammable D- waste that easily catches fire 25. Corrosive B- waste that dissolves many materials

Waste Disposal and Recycling 26. Some radioactive waste can remain dangerous for thousands of years. True 27. A person can be exposed to hazardous wastes only by eating or drinking them. False 28. Long-term exposure to hazardous wastes can be life threatening. True

Waste Disposal and Recycling 29. List the methods of hazardous waste disposal. • Burial in landfills • Incineration • Breakdown by living organisms • Storage in deep rock layers 30. Scientists have been able to develop completely safe and permanent methods for disposing of radioactive wastes. False

Waste Disposal and Recycling 31. How are some radioactive wastes currently stored? They are stored in vaults dug hundreds of meters underground or in concrete and steel containers above ground. Liquid radioactive wastes may be stored in deep rock layers. 32. The best way to manage hazardous wastes is to produce less of them in the first place. True 33. What can you do at home to reduce hazardous wastes? You can find substitutes for some hazardous household chemicals such as insect sprays.

Waste Disposal and Recycling Sanitary Landfill Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about sanitary landfills.

End of Section:Waste Disposal and Recycling

Water Pollution and Solutions Previewing Visuals Before you read, preview Figure 13. Then write two questions that you have about the diagram in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, answer your questions. Water Pollution Q. What are some household causes of water pollution? A. Water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers Q. What is sediment? A. Rock and sand that has been eroded by water

Water Pollution and Solutions Water Pollution Wastes produced by households, agriculture, industry, mining, and other human activities can end up in water.

Water Pollution and Solutions Water-A Limited Supply Pg. 648-649 • Sentences that are true about Earth’s water supply. • Water is a scarce resource • Salt water cannot be used for drinking or watering crops. • About three quarters of Earth’s fresh water is in the form of ice. 2. Water stored in layers of soil and rock beneath Earth’s surface is called _____. groundwater 3. How does the water cycle purify water? During the water cycle, water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers. As it evaporates any dissolved substances are left behind. The pure water vapor condenses into droplets that fall as precipitation.

Waste Disposal and Recycling 4. What is a drought? A period when less rain than normal falls in an area. Water Pollution Pg. 649-651 5. Substances that cause pollution are called ____. pollutants 6. How can pollution affect water in areas far from its source? Pollutants dissolve and move throughout a body of water. 7. Most water pollution is the result of human activities. True

Waste Disposal and Recycling 8. List four human activities that produce wastes that can end up in water. • Agriculture • Industry • Households • Mining 9. The water and human wastes that are washed down sinks, toilets, and showers are called ____. sewage 10. List three kinds of agricultural wastes. • Animal wastes • Fertilizer • Pesticides

Waste Disposal and Recycling 11. Particles of rock and sand in running water are called _____. sediments 12. How do sediments affect organisms in water? They cover up food sources, nesting sites, and eggs of organisms. They also block sunlight, which prevents algae and plants from growing. 13. How can hot water cause pollution? Heated water can change the temperature of a body of water and kill organisms living there.

Waste Disposal and Recycling Keeping Water Clean Pg. 652-653 14. Concept Map: • Proper sewage • Reduction of Pollutants • Effective cleanup of oil and gasoline spills 15. Few communities treat wastewater before returning it to the environment. False 16. Primary Treatment B- Using filters to remove solid materials 17. Secondary Treatment A- Using bacteria to break down wastes

Waste Disposal and Recycling 18. What are two ways industries can reduce pollution? They can recycle wastes to recover useful materials and they can change their processes to produce less waste or less harmful waste. 19. Oil is a pollutant that nature can handle in small amounts. True 20. How do bacteria break down oil in the ocean? When oil is present, the bacteria multiply quickly and feed on the oil. 21. Gasoline or oil that leaks from an underground tank is easy to clean up. False

Waste Disposal and Recycling 22. How can polluted groundwater be cleaned up? Groundwater can be pumped to the surface, treated, and then returned underground. 23. How can individuals prevent water pollution? They can prevent pollution by not pouring household chemicals, such as paint thinners and motor oil, down the drain.

Water Pollution and Solutions More on Cleaning Up Oil Spills Click the Planet Diary button for an activityabout cleaning up oil spills.

End of Section:Water Pollution and Solutions

Air Pollution and Solutions Relating Cause and Effect As you read, identify three causes of air pollution. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below. Causes Factory and power plant emissions Effect Emissions from automobiles and trucks Air pollution Indoor air pollutants such as toxic chemicals

Air Pollution and Solutions • Pollutants that are released into the air are called ____. emission 2. What is the largest source of emissions that cause air pollution today? The largest source is motor vehicles. 3. Name one natural cause of air pollution. One natural cause is an erupting volcano. Smog Pg. 655 4. A thick brownish haze formed when certain gases in the air react with sunlight is called _____. photochemical smog

Air Pollution and Solutions 5. The major sources of photochemical smog are the gases emitted by factories. False 6. What is the major chemical found in smog? Ozone is the major chemical found in smog. 7. What is a temperature inversion? It is a condition in which a layer of warm air prevents cooler rising air from escaping into higher parts of the atmosphere.

Air Pollution and Solutions 8. Which layer of air shown in the drawing is the warmest during a temperature inversion? Layer B is the warmest 9. Why does a temperature inversion make smog more concentrated and dangerous? A temperature inversion traps polluted air and holds it closed to Earth’s surface. 10. What are the health effects of smog? Smog can irritate people’s eyes and throats, cause breathing problems, and harm the body’s defenses against infection.

Air Pollution and Solutions Acid Rain Pg. 656 11. Precipitation that is more acidic than normal because of air pollution is called _____. acid rain 12. Flowchart: Bottom: Sulfur oxides Right: Nitric oxides 13. What are the effects of acid rain? Acid rain kills many fish and their eggs, damages plants, destroys forests, reacts with stone and metal in buildings and statues, and makes automobiles rust more quickly.

Air Pollution and Solutions Indoor Air Pollution Some substances that cause indoor air pollution, such as dust and pet hair, bother only those people who are allergic to them. Other indoor air pollutants, such as toxic chemicals, can affect anyone.

Air Pollution and Solutions Indoor Air Pollution Pg. 657 14. What substances cause indoor air pollution? It’s caused by dust, pet hair, tobacco smoke, glues, and cleaning supplies. 15. Sentences that are true about carbon monoxide. • It is colorless and odorless 16. Sentences that are true about radon. • It is colorless and odorless • It may cause cancer • It is radioactive. Reducing Air Pollution pg. 658-659 17. The key to reducing air pollution is to control ____. emission

Air Pollution and Solutions 18. Venn Diagram: • Scrubbers • Catalytic Converters 19. Why does using less energy reduce air pollution? Using less energy reduces the amount of fuels that are burned, and this reduces air pollution.

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