Welcome to HONORS BIOLOGY

1. Welcome to HONORS BIOLOGY Mrs. Schalles Ringgold High School

2. Ringgold High School

3. How is Honors Biology different than the regular Academic Biology course? • More details! • More topics! • Which makes it more interesting! • Better preparation for AP Biology & college. • (Oh yeah, more writing assignments & more difficult quizzes & tests)

4. Review of Class Rules: • Be prepared! -Bring your own pencil & a calculator will be needed many days.) • Be on time! • Be polite! -One person at a time talks, raise your hand, no rude language, Do not interrupt me in the middle of a lecture!Passes are given at the beginning of class If you need to use the restroom- take the pass- You have 4 minutes- do not interrupt class. • Attend class! 5. Be educated! 6. No eating or drinking or personal grooming in class!

5. Textbook: Modern Biology • Online textbook available at: • http://my.hrw.com/ • username:  bnye24             • password:   y2u5 • You can also access the textbook, as well as notes & other information, via my website • http://schallesbiology.com/ • (username & password are right on my site)

6. It’s an exciting time to study biology! Use of many new tools allows us to: • Observe the working of cells, the smallest units of life, at the atomic level! • Examine the intricacy of DNA - the molecule of heredity. • Peer into the recently sequenced human genome. • Explore changes in the field of medicine. • Investigate the worlds of Microbiology, Mycology, Botany & Zoology • Gain insight about dynamic interactions between the millions of species existing on our planet.

7. Recently in the news: • Creating life?; the World's First Fully Synthetic, Self-Replicating Living Cell: • www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-05/j-craig-venter-institute-creates-worlds-first-synthetic-cell • Beyond genetic modification; genetic engineering would no longer be limited to modification of existing organisms — instead, scientists would be able to concoct anything they wanted from scratch http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-05/darpa-and-venter-fire-bio-assembly-lines-genetic engineering

8. Also recently in the news: Ebola • Most people battling the disease do not survive. Officials at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention needed any treatment that existed — tested or untested — that might help save the lives of Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol, both of whom had contracted Ebola while helping patients in Liberia. • Can Biologists come up with a cure? Video http://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/world/how-the-ebola-virus-works/2014/08/01/257d57d4-19c3-11e4-88f7-96ed767bb747_video.html

9. Honors Bio summer assignment: • Biology Terminology (there will be a quiz day 2 on this )-Complete the packet “Science and Medical Terminology” using the information in the packet, the online textbook and the internet. You will turn in a hard copy of this competed packet. • Biology and You. (from the textbook) • PART I-Read Chapter 1 sections 1-2 in the online textbook Holt Modern Biology. Complete questions at the end of each of the four sections ch1. PART II-Current events in Biology: Go to page 26 chapter review. Answer questions 5 and 6 in the following way: (These answers should be typed!) • We will read selected answers in class. • Immortal Cells. Read: “Hela Cells, The Immortal Cell Line.” we will have a class discussion on these topics.

10. Your first quiz is tomorrow! • If you have not received a summer Honors Assignment you need to get it RIGHT NOW. • You will need 1 notebook to HAND WRITE all the notes. Printed notes are not enough. You will need to keep these notes in a binder with hand outs. • You will need a 2nd notebook for bell ringers from the beginning of class- these will be a separate grade at the end of each 9 weeks.

11. Expected Quality of Work • Please write in complete sentences. • Use legible handwriting • Turn in work on time- penalty for late work-usually 25% per day late • Do your own work- otherwise you will not learn anything & waste your time here!

12. Lab Safety • DO NOT eat or drink in this room • If you act inappropriately, you will get a zero & not be allowed to do future labs. • Be careful!!!! Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately, http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/debeck_pt/science/safety.htm

13. Lab Report Format • Title Page -Name of experiment, Lab partners, date, possible diagram or design • Introduction–Acquaint reader with experiment, state problem to be solved background theory, purpose of work. • Methods & Materials – Complete list of equipment • Procedure – Numbered description of all the steps • Results & Data – Give actual results, not what should have happened. Can include tables, charts, graphs, diagrams. • Discussion/Conclusion – Sentences discuss, analyze , interpret results, critique of experiment, what was learned. • References – Include author, title, publishing company , date

14. Handouts for rules, lab safety • Return these signed by Friday for points.

16. Activity time • Introduction: The purpose of this activity is to get students to think about the dynamic nature of science & to show the importance of being an active participant in the learning process. • Materials: Pattern on cardstock

17. Procedure: • Each piece of paper represents current scientific data.What is the next logical step you will do with these pieces? • Raise your hand if you have found a pattern. • A new piece of the puzzle will be given to you. This “X” piece is a new scientific discovery that has just been made.

18. Question: • How is this activity similar to “doing” science? • We assume that the pieces fit together- that nature is a puzzle that we have not yet solved. • Trial & error is an essential ingredient to science. • New information may require the old theory to be modified or even completely discarded. • Our current information may be incomplete & therefore, our theories incorrect. • Sometimes we just get lucky & find the answer. • Collaboration may be helpful

19. The Dynamic Nature of Science • What does dynamic mean? • If I said you had a Dynamic Personality, is that a good thing? • How is science “dynamic?

20. Examples of some science concepts & theories that have been argued long & hard in the socio-political arena **Remember- a scientist’s job is to look for physical “what happens”, not “who” caused observable events. (Can still believe religion.)

21. The Earth-Centered Universe Theory. • By Aristotle & Ptolemy; held for almost 2000 years. • In the 16th century, NicolausCopernicus (1473 – 1543) used math to show the Heliocentric System. -profoundly altered view of the universe, rejected by the Catholic church. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html

22. Spontaneous Generation • Idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms. • It was common “knowledge” that worms, flies, beetles, frogs, etc came from mud, food left out. • Examples of thinking: camping soldier, castle cook & farm maid (& see link below) • Note that while it may be our first reaction to think those earlier folks were “not so bright”, they drew conclusions based on their observations. However- they did not use the scientific method. • Disproved in experiments by F. Redi & Louis Pasteur; new theory is Biogenesis. Good link: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio114/spontgen.htm

23. Germ Theory • Early microbiologists like Van Leeuwenhoek & Louis Pasteur showed that diseases come from microorganisms (not curses or bad behavior) • Is still considered the single most important contribution to medical science & practice. • The idea that disease is caused by invading microbes is really rather new. It wasn't until the mid-19th century that scientists learned that "germs" could multiply inside your body and make trouble. • Now doctors use sterile practice & logical explanations for infection control.

24. The Theory of Evolution • Over time, characteristics of a population will change due to pressures from the environment. • People had believed that all species were created perfect & unchanging. • By Charles Darwin, also discussed by many others • Is a unifying theme for biologists to organize & better understand relationships between organisms. • Still a very emotional topic in the religious & political arena & is frequently in the news.

25. The Big-Bang Theory • theory about the origin of the universe, created sometime between 10 & 20 bya from a cosmic explosion. • Proposed in 1927 by Lemaitre , later Edwin Hubble found that distant galaxies in every direction are moving away from us with speeds proportional to their distance.) • Strongest evidence shown from the existence of cosmic background radiation (the glow left over from the explosion itself). Discovered in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, who later won the Nobel Prize for this discovery. • It probably will never be proved; consequentially, leaving a number of tough, unanswered questions. http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/universe/b_bang.html

26. Atomic Theory • Early Greeks idea -matter was composed of small particles but that all atoms were the same material, just different sizes or shapes. ( ex- liquid atoms were smooth) This idea was just “discussed, not “tested”. • Dalton’s model was that the atoms were tiny invisible, indestructible particles & that each one has a certain mass, size & chemical behavior. Used experiments to show this. • One Error corrected later by Avogadro. • Atoms were thought to be the smallest possible division of matter until 1897 when J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. • Continue to make discoveries; a new idea is String Theory.

27. What is a Theory? • A hypothesis confirmed to be true many times.

28. “Thinking like a scientist” What Makes A Theory “Scientific” ? • "Science is what we have learned about how to keep from fooling ourselves." – • physicist Richard Feynman • "We believe a scientist because he can substantiate his remarks, not because he is eloquent and forcible in his enunciation.“ • literary critic I.A.Richards • "Nullius in verba" - Latin for "On no man's word". -Motto of the Royal Society of London. http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/falsify.htl

29. The Scientific Method A. Definition: • The scientific method involves making observations, asking questions, forming hypotheses, making predictions, designing experiments, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

30. A great advantage of the Scientific Method: • is that it is unprejudiced: • do not have to “believe” a given researcher • can redo the experiment and determine whether results are true or false. • The conclusions will hold irrespective of the state of mind, or religious persuasion, etc. http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html

31. The Scientific Method Steps: 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Experiment 5. Data Analysis/ Conclusions 6. Communication/ Verification

32. Flow diagram describing the scientific method. http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html

33. Experiment Definitions • Controlled experiment -compares experimental & control group. Has only 1 variable. • Control group provides a normal standard to compare results of the experimental group. • Experimental group is identical to the control group except for one factor. • Variables: factors that change • Independent variable.Is factor that is manipulated. • The experimenter measures the Dependent variablebecause it is is affected by the independent variable.

34. Conclusions • Communication between scientists about their methods and results helps prevent dishonesty and bias in science. • Scientists usually submit research papers to scientific journals for publication & peer review.