1 / 71

Funkční vlastnosti rostlin

Funkční vlastnosti rostlin . h. D. c. sn. r. B. š. sla. s. Ekologické funkce rostliny (Weiher et al. J. Veg. Sci. 1999). Šíření. konkurenční schopnost plasticita udržení prostoru získání prostoru odpověď na disturbanci vyhnutí se disturbanci. Uchycení. Vytrvávání.

herne
Download Presentation

Funkční vlastnosti rostlin

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Funkční vlastnosti rostlin

  2. h D c sn r B š sla s

  3. Ekologické funkce rostliny (Weiher et al. J. Veg. Sci. 1999) Šíření konkurenční schopnost plasticita udržení prostoru získání prostoru odpověď na disturbanci vyhnutí se disturbanci Uchycení Vytrvávání

  4. Doporučené funkční vlastnosti (Weiher et al. 1999) nadzemní biomasa výška SLA life history klonalita vegetativní regenerace začátek kvetení Vytrvávání

  5. Které funkční vlastnosti rostlin spojené s jejich vytrváváním ve společenstvu jsou nejčastěji používány ve studiích zaměřených na odpověď vegetace na pastvu a kosení?

  6. celkový počet studií 22, celkový počet vlastností 18 obhosp. Výška malá (< 40 cm) 12 12 Výška velká (> 60 cm) 12 11 Raunkiaer hemikryptofyta 11 10 Architektura rozeta 11 10 Raunkiaer geofyta 11 4 Architektura bezrozety 10 10 Life history jednoletky 10 9 Raunkiaer chamefyta 10 8 Raunkiaer terofyta 10 8 Life history trvalky 10 8 Raunkiaer fanerofyta 9 1 Taxonomie jednoděložné 8 8 Architektura polorozeta 8 5 Výška střední 7 5 opuštěné počet studií citlivé

  7. CGO, jeho role, roční přírůstek, počet dceřinných rostlin, cyklicita prýtu, persistence spojení klonalita BB, počet, sezonalita, vertikální distribuce vegetativní regenerace

  8. http://clopla.butbn.cas.cz/

  9. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 This presentation will help you to understand the data stored in CLO-PLA3 Contents (1/2) 1. TRAITS 1.1 Structure of output data 1.2 Explanation of traits 1.2.1 Whole-plant traits 1.2.2 Bud bank traits 1.2.3 Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples 1.2.4 Additional data

  10. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 This presentation will help you to understand the data stored in CLO-PLA3 Contents (2/2) 2. VARIABLES 2.1 List of traits and variables 2.2 Description of CGO types 2.3 Description of bud bank types

  11. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1. TRAITS The output table consists of five blocks, marked with different colours. The output form for Fragaria viridis is used as an example.

  12. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.1 Structure of output data Whole-plant traits Bud bank traits Clonal growth traits additional data Additional data Reference

  13. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2 Explanation of traits A brief explanation of traits follows on next slides. For morphological terms see glossary (accessible from the main menu).

  14. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2 Explanation of traits Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.1. Whole-plant traits Does primary root survive over entire plant life-span? How does the plant reproduce? (literature data only) Does the plant develop a storage organ not utilized for clonal growth? At which age the plant flowers for the first time? What is the life-span of the genet?

  15. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.2. Bud bank traits Bud bank includes all buds on a plant which are at disposal for vegetative regeneration. Vertical distribution of buds in five layers. Categorized numbers of buds per shoot and layer in well developed plants assessed from the number of nodes or leaves. Types of the bud bank derived from the mode of perennation of bud-bearing organs.

  16. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits Types of CGO (clonal growth organs) are delimited using plant morphology: origin of CGO (stem, root, leaf), its placement relative to soil surface (above-ground, below-ground), its storage function. This classification of CGOs includes 17 categories (numbered 1 to 17). For a detailed description see section 2.2.

  17. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits Clonal growth traits are evaluated for particular CGO separately, one plant may have more CGOs (see examples on next two slides).

  18. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples (1/2) Growth of Fragaria viridis, a species combining necessary and additive clonal growth organs. The short epigeogenous rhizome ("a" in the figure) is a necessary clonal growth organ (CGO) and above-ground horizontal rooting stem (stolon) is an additive CGO. The epigeogenous rhizome is formed by perennial stem bases of sympodial shoots. The rhizome growing at the soil surface has shortened internodes and is gradually pulled below the soil surface by roots. Its youngest parts bear green leaves at the nodes. During the current year (t0), the shoot consists of a leaf rosette (thick arrow). Its apical meristem develops an inflorescence in the second year. In the same year an offspring rosette arises from the axil of the uppermost leaf of the rosette. Generations of the shoots overlap and the plant flowers every year (t0 and t1; the dotted flowering shoot was formed in spring and died in autumn of the t0 year). The above-ground rooting stem consists of several generations of offspring shoots which arose during one season. Their first internodium is always long and is followed by several short internodes. The spacer between offspring rosettes splits in winter. Offspring plants grow several years (t1, t2,t3) as rosette shoots and produce their first stolons in the fifth year (t4), sometimes from the second year already. The offspring flowers usually in the fifth year of its life (t4).

  19. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples (2/2) Growth of Geranium sanguineum, a species with necessary and regenerative clonal growth organs (CGO). The hypogeogenous rhizome is an necessary CGO (a), adventitious sprouting from injured roots functions is a regenerative CGO (b). The hypogeogenous rhizome is formed by perennial bases of sympodially growing shoots (a). The bases are parts of shoots growing horizontally below the soil surface and bearing scale leaves. Above-ground parts of the shoots are non-rosette and annual, flowering every year (t0 and t1; the dotted shoot was formed last spring and died last autumn). Size of sprouts originated on root fragments are similar to those of seedlings. The shoots are replaced by sympodially growing new ones every year, producing hypogeogenous rhizomes with short increments. It takes several years (t1, t2, t3) before the new shoots flower for the first time.

  20. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (1/6) If all adult plants in all populations develop a clonal growth organ (CGO), its role is considered as necessary. If CGO is not needed for flowering and ovewintering of a plant and its is absent in some plants or populations, its role is considered as additive. If a CGO develops after an injury, its role is considered as regenerative.

  21. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (2/6) Persistence of connection, such as stolons or rhizomes, between parent and offspring ramets. Monocyclic / dicyclic / polycyclic shoots. Cycle length corresponds to the life-span of a shoot, starting by sprouting of a bud, followed by vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting, until shoot death. Rate of clonal multiplication.

  22. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (3/6) Dichotomous branching results in two equal branches. Indefinite vegetative growth of apical meristem with flowers produced on side branches is called monopodial. If apical meristem terminates its growth by producing generative organs and its growth is taken over by lateral branches, plant growth is sympodial. This concept is applicable only to stems, not to adventitious sprouting from leaves and roots. Increment of clonal growth organ in horizontal direction. Some water plants form turions or tubers which can be dispersed independently of the parent plant.

  23. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (4/6) In some plants are roots initiated on clonal growth organs of stem origin concentrated at distal or proximal part of the clonal growth organs (CGO), or are distributed regularly along the CGO. Not applicable to the following CGOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16. Offspring tillers may grow either vertically within sheath of subtending leaf (intravaginal growth) or horizontally, breaking through sheath of subtending leaf (extravaginal growth). Both types are sometimes combined in one species.

  24. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (5/6) Leaves are either regularly distributed along the stem (no rosette) or partly concentrated at plant base (semirosette) or middle and upper cauline leaves are missing and all leaves develop at shoot base near the ground (rosette). This trait is for monopodial plants defined for flowering shoots only. Dicyclic shoots bearing a rosette in the first year of plant life and tall leafy shoot in the second year are classified as semirosettes even if rosette leaves decay at the time of flowering already. Clonal offsprings of plants are either about as large as parent ramets or considerably smaller.

  25. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (6/6) When in ontogeny clonal type of clonal growth organs are formed: before, after, or at the time of generative reproduction. Shoot generations of sympodially growing plants may but need not overlap. In monopodially growing plants shoot generations always overlap.

  26. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.4. Additional data (1/2) Filled only if the investigations were made on living plants by the authors of the database. Geographical coordinates. Type of data. Name of the person who identified the studied plant material.

  27. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2.4. Additional data (2/2) Link to photographs of the herbarium specimens used in the study. Link to photographs of the studied plants. Geographical area from which the data originated. Link to a B&W ink drawings of the studied plants. Type of the habitat from which the data originated.

  28. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2. VARIABLES All variables in the output form are categorical. The Fragaria viridis output form is used as an example.

  29. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.1 List of traits and variables

  30. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (1/17) 1 Clonal growth organ rooting in the soil and providing connection between offspring plants or formed by a creeping axis of a plant; nodes on the stem bear leaves, internodes are usually long, the stem serves as a storage organ and a bud bank; vegetative spreading may be fast and persistence of the horizontal above-ground stems differs considerably among species.

  31. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (2/17) 2 Detachable over-wintering buds of water plants composed of tightly arranged leaves filled by storage compounds; the turion develops axially or apically, are usually dormant and need vernalization to re-grow.

  32. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (3/17) 3 Small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground; depending on the location of storage within the buds they are called bulbils (storage located in scale leaves) or stem tubercules (storage located in the stem part); they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having no dormancy; young plants regenerating from bulbils and tubercules resemble seedlings in their morphology and size.

  33. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (4/17) 4 A meristem which would normally develop into a flower, forms a vegetative bud (plantlet, bulbil, root or stem tubercule) and may be soon detached from the parent plant; alternatively the whole inflorescence lays down and plantlets root at the soil surface; offspring morphology and size is similar to seedlings.

  34. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (5/17) 5 Detached parts of shoot with rooting ability.

  35. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (6/17) 6 Plant formed by a small frond (e.g. Lemna); an extremely reduced plant body of aquatic plants; its growth results in the production of similar structures which are soon detached from parent plant.

  36. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (7/17) 7 Small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground; according the location of storage within the buds they are called root tubers (storage located in an adventitious root); they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having no dormancy; young plants regenerating from tubercules resemble seedlings in their morphology and size.

  37. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (8/17) 8 Adventitious buds on leaves formed after shedding or detaching of leaves from the parent plant; on bare wet soil they develop into plantlets resembling seedlings in their morphology and size.

  38. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (9/17) 9 Perennating stem-originated organ formed above-ground (Serebrjakov and Serebrjakova 1965); its distal part is covered by soil and litter or pulled into the soil by the contraction of roots; nodes bear green leaves, the internodes are usually short; the rhizomes bear roots and serve as a bud bank and storage organs; vegetative spreading is usually slow (up to a few cm . year-1), persistence of epigeogenous rhizomes differ considerably among species.

  39. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (10/17) 10 Perennating stem-originated organ formed below-ground (Serebrjakov and Serebrjakova 1965); the rhizome usually grows horizontally at a species‑specific depth and after some time it becomes orthotropic and forms above‑ground shoots; the horizontal part of the rhizome bears bracts, a few roots developed at the nodes, and has long internodes; vegetative spreading is often fast, up to several meters . yr-1; persistence of the hypogeogenous rhizome differs considerably among species.

  40. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (11/17) 11 Plant develops only one perennial tuber (usually formed by the hypocotyle), no offspring tubers are produced; in senescing plants tubers may start to decay from their center resulting eventually in plant fragmentation.

  41. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (12/17) 12 Below-ground, usually short‑lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin; offspring tubers are attached to a parent tuber or produced at the end of a hypogeogenous rhizome; the parent plant dies back in autumn, except for the stem tuber(s) which bear one dominant bud, each utilised for spring regrowth; in summer old tubers decay and new ones are formed; in addition some plants produce smaller tubers and/or tubercules; plants growing from them resemble in morphology and size seedlings.

  42. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (13/17) 13 Storage organ consisting of storage leaves and a shortened stem base; the bulb is formed by organs produced within a single season or in the course of several seasons; by itself it represents one renewal bud; in addition, some plants produce smaller bulbs and/or bulbils; plants growing from them morphologically and in size resemble seedlings.

  43. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (14/17) 14 Plant possessing a primary root system without adventitious roots and buds; senescing tap root of old plants decays from the root center, in some species causing plant fragmentation; an old individual genet disintegrates into ramets bearing parts of the main root and one or a few shoots; vegetative spreading is poor; the tap root serves as a storage organ and vascular link between shoots; the bud bank is situated on the perennial bases of shoots (caudex).

  44. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (15/17) 15 Plant roots (main root including the hypocotyle, and adventitious roots) form adventitious buds spontaneously or after an injury; when buds are formed on horizontal roots they may enable an extensive clonal growth; persistence of the roots with adventitious buds considerably differs among species.

  45. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (16/17) 16 Below-ground storage organ; in some plants it serves as a regenerative organ of root origin bearing a bud or buds of stem origin; in that case the plant dies back in autumn, except for the root tuber(s) with the buds, later utilised for spring regrowth; in summer old tubers decay and new ones are formed.

  46. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.2 Description of CGO types (17/17) 17 Below-ground, usually short-lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin; offspring tubers are produced at the end of a horizontal rooting aboveground leafy stem.

  47. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.3 Description of bud bank (BB) types - seasonality of buds in different layers in relation to the soil surface (1/2) Buds on plant organs persisting for less than 2 years form a seasonal BB. The ability to form adventitious buds on leaves or roots implies a potential BB. Buds on bud-bearing organs persisting for 2 and more years form a perennial BB. If there are both perennial and sesonal bud-bearing organs in one layer, the bud bank is classified as perennial; combinations of perennial BB with potential BB, and seasonal BB with potential BB, are possible. layers bud bank >10 cm 10 to 0 cm 0 cm 0 to -10 cm < - 10 cm bud bank seasonality in individual layers (perennial - 1/ seasonal - 2/ potential - 3/ 1+3 / 1+2)

  48. Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 2.3 Description of bud bank (BB) types - numbers of buds in different layers in relation to the soil surface (2/2) Bud numbers on stem plant parts were assessed according to nodes, leaves or leaf-scales. Bud count was thus indirect and numbers are categorized. layers bud bank >10 cm 10 to 0 cm 0 cm 0 to -10 cm < - 10 cm numbers of buds in individual layers 0, 1-10, >10

  49. How to use CLO-PLA3 This presentation will show you how to use CLO-PLA3 1. HOW TO USE 1.1 Data selection 1.2 Sending data to your computer 2. HOW TO CITE 3. FEEDBACK

  50. How to use CLO-PLA3 1.1 Data selection (1/14) click here to see a scrollable list of genera that you can select (see next slide) ... or click here to see a scrollable list of species that you can select ... or click here to see a scrollable list of species for which B&W drawings are in the database

More Related