Lorena Cohan , Urban Development Unit , Latin America and Caribbean Region , World Bank

1. Technical and Financial Resources for Regional Strategy toPromote Inter-American CooperationonGangsOAS, March 2, 2010 Lorena Cohan, UrbanDevelopmentUnit, LatinAmerica and CaribbeanRegion, World Bank

2. Brief overview • The Bank’s Latin America and Caribbean Region (LAC) has the most extensive experience within the Bank on the issue of crime and violence. • Since ~2003, the LAC Region has been working on crime and violence via: • Analytical Work/Research • Project Operations: Integration of crime and violence prevention components within Slum Upgrading Projects • Capacity Building: Municipal Capacity Building Program on Urban Crime and Violence Prevention • Our approach has been on prevention, via a municipal/ community-based approach focused on poor urban areas

3. Technical Resources: Analytical Work/Research • Forthcoming (2010): “Crime and Violence in Central America” study (includes chapter on “Youth Violence and Gangs”) • 2007: “Crime, Violence, and Development: Trends, Costs, and Policy Options in the Caribbean” (includes chapter on “Youth Violence in the Caribbean, a Case Study of the Dominican Republic”) • 2007: “Youth at Risk in Brazil” • 2006: “Crime, Violence, and Economic Development in Brazil” • 2003: “Caribbean Youth Development: Issues and Policy Directions” • In addition, will soon publish (2010), a “School-Based Violence Prevention Toolkit”: how to utilize schools as a mechanism to prevent crime and violence in communities *All of these studies include information on levels and trends, socioeconomic costs, risk factors, specific case studies, and policy recommendations **Studies utilize Ecological Risk Framework based on risk and protective factors for crime and violence

4. Key Policy Recommendations to emerge from analytical work on Youth & Gang Violence Prevention • Need to design integrated, comprehensive, holistic, and cross-sectoral youth violence/gang prevention strategies, carried out simultaneously at the national & municipal level, combining both prevention & control approaches • Combine policies directed towards individual and community risk factors, but also link with policies that try to modify structural conditions that can lead to onset of criminal and violent behavior • Importance of linking interventions with the community in which the young person lives, as well as with the family of the young person being targeted • Joint effort between community-based organizations and the police • Interventions must be evidence-based. Examples of programs that have been known to have most impact in youth violence prevention include: early childhood development (ECD), parenting programs, secondary school completion, school-based violence prevention programs, and social marketing.

5. Technical and Financial Resources: Project Operations • Honduras Barrio Ciudad Project (US$15 million credit, 2005-2011): Slum upgrading project with an urban crime and violence prevention component, which includes: (i) situational prevention; (ii) capacity building, training, and technical assistance; and (iii) complimentary investments related to crime and violence prevention. • Jamaica Inner City Basic Services for the Poor (ICBSP) Project (US$30 million loan, 2006-2011): Slum upgrading project with a public safety component, which includes: mediation and conflict resolution, alternative livelihoods & skills development, family support prog’s, youth education & recreation, and community capacity building & public awareness. • Brazil Viver Melhor II Project (US$50 million loan, 2005-2011): Slum upgrading project with a violence prevention component that includes diagnostics, situational prevention, capacity building, and complementary C&V prevention activities. • Haiti PRODEPUR (US$15 million grant, 2008-2014): Urban Community-Driven Development Project. • Jamaica “Community Crime and Violence Prevention” (US$2.65 million Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) grant, 2009-2013): Two components: (i) design of integrated crime and violence information system; and (ii) sub-grant facility to NGOs/CBOs carrying out crime & violence prevention activities.

6. Technical and Financial Resources: Capacity Building • Municipal Capacity Building Program on Urban Crime and Violence Prevention: Designed to be implemented by municipal government authorities. Includes following topics: (i) crime and violence diagnostics; (ii) forming alliances and partnerships; (iii) situational prevention/crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED); (iv) youth violence prevention; (v) domestic violence; (vi) community policing; and (vii) M&E. • Online version now exists • Currently being translated into English to be delivered in English-speaking Caribbean

7. Financial Resources • World Bank alsoadministersseveral trust funds, including: • Japan Social Development Fund (JSDF) • Institutional Development Fund (IDF) • State and Peace-building Fund (SPF)

8. World Bank’s agenda going forward on Crime & Violence • Increased interest and attention by President Zoellick on the issue of crime and violence • Project Operations: • Develop a stand-alone operation utilizing an integrated approach (Central America?) • Scale-up mainstreaming of crime and violence in urban, transport, education, judicial reform, etc. • Analytical Work: • Further research for the causes and determinants of C&V • Scale-up impact evaluations to broaden evidence base • Partnerships: • Position C&V through a development issue through greater role in global and regional partnerships, i.e. IACPV, WOLA/Central America Consultative Group, etc.