Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 The Duel for North America, 1608–1763

2. France Finds a Foothold in Canada • 1608 the permanent beginnings of a vast French empire was established at Quebec: • Led by Samuel de Champlain-”Father of New France” • He established friendly relationships with the Huron Indian tribes • Entered into a treaty with the Huron against the Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area.

3. Map 6-2 p100

4. New France Fans Out • New France contained one valuable resource—the beaver: • European fashion-setters valued beaver-pelt hats • French voyageurs recruited Indians into the fur business: • The Indian fur flotilla that arrived in Montreal in 1693 numbered 400 canoes • Many of these Indians were decimated by the white man’s diseases and alcohol • Slaughtering beaver by the boatload violated many Indians’ religious belief.

5. Map 6-4 p102

6. III. The Clash of Empires • The earliest contests among the European powers for control of North America: • King William’s War (1689-1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • War of Jenkins’s Ear, 1739.

7. IV. French and Indian War • The Ohio Valley became the chief contention between French and British: • For the British it was critical area for westward movement • The French had to retain it if they were going to link their Canadian holdings to those of the lower Mississippi Valley • The British determined to fight for their economic security and supremacy.

8. Map 6-5 p104

9. IV. George Washington Starts the War with France • To secure the Virginians’ claim Washington was sent to the Ohio Country: • Washington encountered a detachment of French troops about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne • The French leader was killed and his men retreated • The French returned with reinforcements and surrounded Washington.

10. VI. Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath • The opening clashes of the war went badly for the British: • General Edward Braddock was sent to Virginia with a strong detachment of British regulars • Set out in 1755 with 2000 men to capture Fort Duquesne. • In the ensuing battle, George Washington had two horses shot from under him and four bullets pierced his coat. Braddock was fatally wounded.

11. VI. Braddock’s Blundering and ItsAftermath (cont.) • Inflamed by this easy victory, the Indians took a wider warpath, from Pennsylvania to North Carolina. • Washington with 300 men tried desperately to defend the frontier. • The British had defeat after defeat.

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13. Albany Congress • Role of Benjamin Franklin at Albany: • First, he published his famous cartoon—Join, or Die • At Albany, was the leading spirit of the Albany Congress presenting a well-devised but premature scheme for colonial home rule. • Foreshadows Franklin’s role of shaping both the American identity as a founding father

14. Map 6-5 p104

15. VI. End of the War • The Battle of Quebec in 1759 ranks as one of the most significant engagements in British and American history: • When Montreal fell in 1760, the French flag had fluttered for the last time • The Peace of Paris in 1763 threw the French off the continent of North America • Great Britain emerged as the dominant power in North America.

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17. Map 6-6 p105

18. Colonists Changing View after War • Britain’s colonists emerged with increased confidence in their military strength • The French and Indian War, while bolstering colonial self-esteem, simultaneously shattered the myth of British invincibility • When soldiers and statesmen from widely separated colonies met they often agreed • They discovered that they were all fellow Americans who spoke the same language and shared common ideals

19. British View of the Colonists • Displaying the contempt of the professional soldiers, the British refused to recognize any American militia commission above the rank of captain. • They were also distressed by the reluctance of the colonists to support the common cause wholeheartedly; some colonists, self-centered and alienated by distance from the war, refused to provide troops and money for the conflict.

20. IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath • The removal of the French menace in Canada profoundly affected American attitudes: • “In a sense the history of the United States began with the fall of Quebec and Montreal the infant Republic was cradled on the Plains of Abraham.” • Also the Spanish menaces was now substantially reduced. • Why was the French and Spanish removal disastrous for the Indians tribes?

21. IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath(cont.) • Pontiac’s uprising by the Ottawa Chief Pontiac to lay siege to Detroit in spring of 1763 and eventually overran all but three British posts west of the Appalachians, killing some 2000 soldiers and settlers: • The British retaliated swiftly and cruelly with a primitive version of biological warfare • Pontiac perished in 1769 at the hands of a rival chieftain.

22. Pontiac’s Rebellion + Crown Arrogance = ?

23. IX. War’s Fateful Aftermath(cont.) • The colonists were now free to cover the Appalachian Mountains and take the western lands. • The London government issued its Proclamation of 1763 which flatly prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians (see Map 6.8).

24. Map 6-8 p110

25. Chapter 7 The Road to Revolution, 1763–1775

26. No Ma Ma, my skirt is not to short for the Harvest Moon dance! p114

27. Republicanism v. Mercantilism Republicanism—a just society as one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. • Virtue of the citizenry—its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage, and its appetite for civic involvement. • Republicanism was opposed to hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as aristocracy and monarchy.

28. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • Radical Whigs: a group of British political commentators and their political thoughts that fundamentally shaped American political thought: • The Whigs feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers relative to elected representatives in Parliament.

29. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • Whigs wanted citizens to be guarded against “corruption.” • The Americans had grown accustomed to running their own affairs: “Salutary Neglect” • Distance weakens authority great distance weakens authority greatly

30. Republicanism v. Mercantilism Mercantilism—belief that wealth was power and that a country’s economic wealth (and its military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. • To amass gold or silver, a country needed to export more than it imported.

31. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • Mercantile Advantages of possessing colonies • They could supply raw materials to the mother country, reducing the need for foreign imports • They could provide a guaranteed market for exports. THEREFORE…. The London government (King and Parliament) looked on the American colonies more or less as tenants.

32. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • From time to time Parliament passed laws to regulate the mercantilist system: • Navigation Act (1650)—aimed at Dutch shippers, all commerce flowing to and from the colonies could be transported only in British (including colonial) vessels • European goods destined for America first had to be landed in Britain, where tariff duties could be collected and British middlemen got profits.

33. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • Other laws stipulated that American merchants must ship certain “enumerated” products, notably tobacco, exclusively to Britain, even though prices might be better elsewhere. • British policy inflicted a currency shortage on the colonies. • The situation forced the colonies to issue paper money.

34. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • Parliament prohibited the colonies’ legislatures from printing paper currency. • The British crown reserved the right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies if they would harm the mercantilist system. Royal veto. • These were more examples of how principle could weigh more than practice in fueling colonial grievances.

35. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • Mercantilism not all bad for colonies….. • Salutary Neglect: laws loosely enforced • Americans reaped direct benefits from it • London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers • Benefited from the protection of world’s most powerful navy and a strong, seasoned army of redcoats.

36. Republicanism v. Mercantilism • The mercantile system burdened the colonists with annoying liabilities: • It stifled economic initiative and imposed a rankling dependency on British agents and creditors. • Colonists found it to be debasing. They felt used, kept in a state of perpetual economic adolescence, and never allowed to come of age.

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38. The Stamp Tax Uproar • After the Seven Years’ War Britain was holding one of the world’s biggest empires along with the biggest debt: • Britain moved to redefine the colonists’ relationship • Prime Minister George Grenville ordered its navy to strictly enforce the Navigation Laws • He secured from Parliament the Sugar Act of 1764.

39. The Stamp Tax Uproar • Sugar Act (1764)—first law passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies for the crown: • It increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies • After bitter protests, the duties were lowered substantially, and the agitation died down • Resent continued by the Quartering Act (1765)- required colonies to provide food and quarters.

40. The Stamp Tax Uproar Stamp tax: • To raise revenues to support the new military force • It mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax • Stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 trade items

41. The Stamp Tax Uproar Americans were angry at Grenville’s fiscal aggression: • The new law not only pinched their pocketbooks but was striking at their local liberties • It seemed to jeopardize the basic rights of the colonists as Englishmen. Worse still it allowed Admiralty courts to try offenders where no juries were allowed.

42. The Stamp Tax Uproar • The Americans made a distinction between “legislation” and “taxation.” • They conceded the right of Parliament to legislate about matters that related to the entire empire • They denied the right of Parliament, in which no Americans were seated, to impose taxes on Americans.

43. The Stamp Tax Uproar • Grenville used the theory of “virtual representation.” ”—all citizens are represented by Parliament. • This caused the Americans to deny the authority of Parliament and to consider their own political independence—another chain to revolutionary consequences.

44. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act • Colonial outcries against the hated stamp tax took various forms: • Stamp Act Congress 1765: • members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances • beseeched the king and Parliament to repeal the repugnant legislation. • the Stamp Act Congress was ignored in England.

45. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act • The congress was one more significant step toward intercolonial unity. • Nonimportation agreements: • agreement against importing British goods • was a promising stride toward union • they spontaneously united the American people for the first time in common action • gave Americans new opportunities to participate in colonial protests.

46. Why does this picture not belong here????? p118

47. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act(cont.) • Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty: • Took the law into their own hands • Cried, “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps.” • Shaken by colonial commotion, the machinery for collecting the tax broke down. • 1765: when the act was to go into effect, the stamp agents were forced to resign • There was no one to collect the tax.

48. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act(cont.) • Parliament in 1766 repealed the Stamp Act: • Grateful residents of New York erected a leaden statue to King George • Parliament then passed the Declaratory Act reaffirming their right” to bind the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” • The British government drew the line in the sand.

49. V. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act(cont.) • It defined the constitutional principle: absolute and unqualified sovereignty over the colonies • The colonies wanted a measure of sovereignty of their own • The stage was set for a continuing confrontation: From Declaratory Acts to Intolerable Acts

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