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The Human Body

The Human Body. Chapter 1. Objectives . An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Define anatomy and describe the nature of different topics in anatomy. Define physiology and describe the main focus of physiology.

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The Human Body

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  1. The Human Body Chapter 1

  2. Objectives • An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Define anatomy and describe the nature of different topics in anatomy. • Define physiology and describe the main focus of physiology. • Describe the principle of complementarity of structure and function. How does it unite the disciplines of anatomy and physiology? • Levels of Structural Organization • Name the different levels of structural organization and describe their relationships with each other. • List the organ systems of the body and the major structures within each system. • Maintaining Life • Describe the importance of each of the necessary life functions. • Describe the survival needs for human life and discuss the importance of each.

  3. Objectives • Homeostasis • Define homeostasis and list the components of a homeostatic control mechanism. • Distinguish between negative and positive feedback mechanisms. Describe the mechanics of each and their importance to the maintenance of homeostasis. • The Language of Anatomy • Describe the body's position in anatomical position. Why is this position important? • Define the directional terms as they relate to the human body. • Define the regional terms of the body. Which regions are found within other regions? • Identify the body planes and how they relate to sectioning terms and techniques.

  4. Objectives • The Language of Anatomy (cont’d) • Describe the body cavities and their relationships to each other. Which cavities are contained within other cavities? • Describe the membranes of the ventral cavity and their relationships to each other, the body wall, and the organs they are associated with. • Define the abdominopelvic regions and quadrants and describe how they are used by professionals. • Unifying Themes • Complementarity of structure and function • Hierarchy of structural organization • Homeostasis

  5. Characteristics of Living Things Biology = study of life All living things have basic characteristics • Organization • Responsiveness • Growth & differentiation • Reproduction • Movement • Metabolism • Excretion • Anatomy and Physiology – Branch of Biology that studies the human body

  6. Characteristics of Living Things • Organization (maintaining boundaries) – the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment • Cellular level – accomplished by plasma membranes • Organism level – accomplished by the skin

  7. Characteristics of Living Things • Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them appropriately • Pressure • Heat/cold • Pain • Noxious/chemical • Growth and differentiation – increase in size of a body part or of the organism

  8. Characteristics of Living Things • Reproduction – cellular and organism levels • Cellular – an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells • Organism – sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person • Movement – locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility

  9. Characteristics of Living Things • Metabolism – all the chemical reactions that occur in the body • 3 basic metabolic processes • Catabolism: Breaking down substances in simpler parts • Anabolism: Combining simpler structures into more complex ones • Cellular Respiration: Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP • Excretion – removal of wastes from the body

  10. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another • Gross or macroscopic • Microscopic • Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery • Cell Physiology • Special Physiology • Systemic Physiology • Pathological Physiology

  11. Gross Anatomy • Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg) • Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system • Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin • Developmental - Traces structural changes throughout life • Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

  12. Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology – study of the cell • Histology – study of tissues

  13. Specialized Branches of Physiology • Pathological physiology – study of structural changes caused by disease • Special physiology – study of internal organs, usually visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans • Cell physiology – study of the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level • Systemic Physiology – Functions of organ systems

  14. Systemic Physiology Examples • Renal – kidney function • Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous system • Cardiovascular – operation of the heart and blood vessels

  15. Physiology • Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains • electrical currents • blood pressure • the way muscle uses bone for movement

  16. Principle of Complementarity • Function always reflects structure • What a structure can do depends on its specific form • Ex. Blood flows in a single direction through the heart because valves are present to prevent backflow • Ex. The lungs can provide for gas exchange because the walls of air sacs are extremely thin

  17. Levels of Structural Organization • Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules • Cellular – cells are made of molecules • Tissue – consists of similar types of cells • Organ – made up of different types of tissues • Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together • Organism – made up of the organ systems

  18. Chemical is the smallest and simplest level • Each level builds upon the previous to increase overall complexity and function • Organism represents the highest level and sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life

  19. Smooth muscle cell Molecules Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. 2 Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Smooth muscle tissue 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Cardiovascular system Blood vessels Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ) 6 Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Connective tissue 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Levels of Structural Organization

  20. Integumentary System • Forms the external body covering • Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails • Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

  21. Skeletal System • Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments • Protects and supports body organs • Provides the framework for muscles • Site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals

  22. Muscular System • Composed of muscles and tendons • Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression • Maintains posture • Produces heat

  23. Nervous System • Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves • Is the fast-acting control system of the body • Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

  24. Cardiovascular System • Composed of the heart and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood • The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

  25. Lymphatic System • Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels • Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood • Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream • Houses white blood cells involved with immunity

  26. Respiratory System • Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs • Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

  27. Digestive System • Composed of: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver • Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood • Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

  28. Urinary System • Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body • Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood

  29. Male Reproductive System • Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens • Main function is the production of offspring • Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones • Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

  30. Female Reproductive System • Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina • Main function is the production of offspring • Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones • Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus • Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

  31. Organ Systems Interrelationships • The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment • Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen

  32. Organ Systems Interrelationships • Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood • Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

  33. Anatomical Position • Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body

  34. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms • Key points to remember: • Most directional terms used in the book refer to the body as if it were in anatomical position, regardless of its actual position • Terms ‘right’ and ‘left’ refer to those sides of the person, not of the observer

  35. Directional Terms • Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively • Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body • Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

  36. Directional Terms • Ventral/Dorsal- • Ventral=toward the belly • Dorsal=toward the back • Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part • Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

  37. Body Planes • Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts • Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline • Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (front and back portions) • Transverse - horizontal or crosswise plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions (superior and inferior) • Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

  38. Body Planes

  39. Body Cavities

  40. Body Cavities • Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions • Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain • Spinal cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord • Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions • Thoracic • Abdominopelvic

  41. Cranial cavity (contains brain) Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Dorsal body cavity Diaphragm Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Key: Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (a) Lateral view Body Cavities

  42. Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity Superior mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Key: Pelvic cavity (contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity (b) Anterior view Body Cavities

  43. Body Cavities • Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity • Pleural cavities – each houses a lung • Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs • Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

  44. Body Cavities • The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm • It is composed of two subdivisions • Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

  45. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes • Serosa, or serous membrane, is a thin double-layered membrane lining the interior of the ventral body cavity and outer surfaces or organs • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs • Serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid known as serous fluid

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